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Pelecaniformes

Description

The Pelecaniformes are an order of medium-sized and large waterbirds found worldwide. As traditionally—but erroneously—defined, they encompass all birds that have feet with all four toes webbed. Hence, they were formerly also known by such names as totipalmates or steganopodes. Most have a bare throat patch (gular patch), and the nostrils have evolved into dysfunctional slits, forcing them to breathe through their mouths. They also have a pectinate nail on their longest toe. This is shaped like a comb and is used to brush out and separate their feathers. They feed on fish, squid, or similar marine life. Nesting is colonial, but individual birds are monogamous. The young are altricial, hatching from the egg helpless and naked in most. They lack a brood patch.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)7190953https://www.gbif.org/species/7190953
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)36634https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36634
Rankorder
Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Pelecaniformes
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SauropsidaHuxley 1864
classReptiliaLaurenti 1768
subclassEureptilia
-RomeriidaGauthier et al. 1988
-Diapsida
-Eosuchia
-NeodiapsidaBenton 1985
-SauriaGauthier 1984
-Archosauromorpha
-CrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
-EucrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-Archosauria
informalAvemetatarsaliaBenton 1999
-OrnithodiraGauthier 1986
-DinosauromorphaBenton 1985
-DinosauriformesNovas 1992
-Dinosauria
-Saurischia
-Theropoda
-NeotheropodaBakker 1986
-AverostraPaul 2002
-TetanuraeGauthier 1986
orderAvetheropodaPaul 1988
suborderCoelurosauriaHuene 1914
-ManiraptoraGauthier 1986
-ParavesSereno 1997
classAvesLinnaeus 1758
-PygostyliaChiappe 2002
-OrnithothoracesChiappe and Calvo 1994
-OrnithuromorphaChiappe et al. 1999
subclassOrnithuraeHaeckel 1866
subclassNeornithesGadow 1893
-Neognathae
-NeoavesSibley et al. 1988
-NatatoresBaird 1858
-SteganograllatoresLivezey and Zusi 2007
superorderPelecanimorphaeHuxley 1867
orderPelecaniformesSharpe 1891
Scientific NamePelecaniformes
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Pelecaniformesorderbelongs to Neognathaestated with evidenceWetmore, 1960
Pelecaniformesorderbelongs to Avesstated without evidenceHoward, 1972
Pelecaniformesorderbelongs to NeognathaeimpliedCarroll, 1988
Pelecaniformesorderbelongs to Avesstated without evidenceBaird, 1992
Pelecaniformesorderbelongs to Neognathaestated without evidenceKurochkin, 2000
Pelecaniformesorderbelongs to Avessecond handSepkoski, 2002
Pelecaniformesorderbelongs to Neornithesstated with evidenceHope, 2002
Pelecaniformesorderinvalid subgroup of Neornithesstated with evidenceBourdon et al., 2005
Pelecaniformesorderbelongs to Pelecanimorphaestated with evidenceLivezey and Zusi, 2007
Pelecaniformesorderbelongs to Avesstated without evidenceLouchart et al., 2008
Status (PBDB)extant
Taxon Size (PBDB)230
Extant Size (PBDB)124 (54%)
First Recorded Appearance70.6 - 66.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Environmentmarine
Motilityactively mobile (based on Theropoda)
Dietcarnivore (based on Coelurosauria)
Reproductionoviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)
Ontogenyaccretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)
Taphonomyhydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)
Primary Reference (PBDB)J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560
Common Name(s) Pelikanfåglar, Пеліканоподібні, ペリカン, Ibis, Herons And Pelicans, Storkartade Fåglar, Herons, Ibises, Pelicans, Hérons, Ibis, Pélicans, Boobies, Pelicans, Cormorants
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelecaniformes

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Cladornithes
suborder
listed (PBDB)233.9 Ma
Oligocene
33.9 Ma
Oligocene
Fregatae
suborder
listed (PBDB)0 Ma
Extant
Odontopteryges
suborder
listed (PBDB)
Odontopterygia
suborder
listed (PBDB)
Phaethontes
suborder
listed (PBDB)6359.2 Ma
Paleocene
0 Ma
Extant
Steganopodes
suborder
listed (PBDB)241.3 Ma
Eocene
0 Ma
Extant
Ardeidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Heron19556.8 Ma
Paleocene
0 Ma
Extant
Balaenicipitidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Shoebill233.9 Ma
Oligocene
0 Ma
Extant
Cyphornithidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Pelecanidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Pelican7038.0 Ma
Eocene
0 Ma
Extant
Protoplotidae
family
listed (PBDB)166.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
66.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Scopidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
25.33 Ma
Miocene
0 Ma
Extant
Threskiornithidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Ibis6748.6 Ma
Eocene
0 Ma
Extant
Torotix
genus
listed (PBDB)170.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
70.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1891Pelecaniformes Sharpe
1960Pelecaniformes Wetmore p. 24
1972Pelecaniformes Howard p. 5
1972Pelicaniformes Simpson p. 30
1988Pelecaniformes Carroll
1992Pelecaniformes Baird p. 24
1992Pelecaniformes Guthrie p. 321
YearName and Author
2000Pelecaniformes Kurochkin p. 551
2002Pelecaniformes Hope p. 367
2002Pelecaniformes Sepkoski, Jr.
2007Pelecaniformes Livezey and Zusi p. 91
2008Pelecaniformes Louchart et al. p. 151
2014Pelecaniformes Stidham et al. p. 2
2014Pelecaniformes del Hoyo et al.

References

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560
Wetmore A. (1960) A classification for the birds of the world, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 139 11, 1-37
Howard H. (1972) Type specimens of avian fossils in the collections of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Contributions in Science, 1-27
Simpson G. G. (1972) Conspectus of Patagonian fossil penguins, American Museum Novitates 2488, 1-37
Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698
Baird R. F. (1992) Fossil avian assemblage of Pitfall Origin from Holocene sediments in Amphitheatre Cave (G-2), South-western Victoria, Australia, Records of the Australian Museum 44, 21-44
Guthrie D. A. (1992) A late Pleistocene avifauna from San Miguel Island, California, Science Series (Los Angeles) 36, 319-327
Kurochkin E. N. (2000) Mesozoic birds of Mongolia and the former USSR, The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, 533-559
Hope S. (2002) The Mesozoic radiation of Neornithes, Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press, Berkeley, 339-388
Livezey B. C., Zusi R. L. (2007) Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 1, 1-95
Louchart A., Haile-Selassie Y., et al (2008) Fossil birds from the Late Miocene of Chad and Ethiopia and zooge- ographical implications, Oryctos 7, 147-167
Stidham T. A., Krishan K., et al (2014) A Pelican Tarsometatarsus (Aves: Pelecanidae) from the Latest Pliocene Siwaliks of India, PLoS One 9 11, e11210
del Hoyo J., Collar N. J., et al (2014) HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines, 1-904
Harrison, P. (1985). Seabirds: an identification guide. Revised edition. Christopher Helm Publisher. A & C Black: London, UK. ISBN 0-7136-3510-X. 448 pp. - via World Register of Marine Species
Dickinson, J.V. (eds.) (2014) The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World, vol 1, Non-passerines, fourth edition, pp, 461 - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas
Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Larsson, L., Ekström, G., Larsson, E. & Gandemo, M. (2007) Birds of the World, 2:a uppl. - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas
Sibley,Charles G.,Hedges,S. B. (1994) Molecules vs morphology in avian evolution - the case of the Pelecaniform birds - via Phthiraptera.info
Toro,H.,Ruz,L. (1968) Contribución al estudio de los Mallophaga de Pelecaniformes - via Phthiraptera.info
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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