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Plecoptera

Description

The Plecoptera are an order of insects, commonly known as stoneflies. Some 3,500 species are described worldwide, with new species still being discovered. Stoneflies are found worldwide, except Antarctica. Stoneflies are believed to be one of the most primitive groups of Neoptera, with close relatives identified from the Carboniferous and Lower Permian geological periods, while true stoneflies are known from fossils only a bit younger. Their modern diversity, however, apparently is of Mesozoic origin.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)787https://www.gbif.org/species/787
Rankorder
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Plecoptera
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-Bilateria
-EubilateriaAx 1987
-ProtostomiaGrobben 1908
-Ecdysozoa
-Panarthropoda
phylumArthropodaLatreille 1829
subphylumMandibulata
-Pancrustacea
superclassHexapodaLatreille 1825
-CercofilataKukalová-Peck 1987
classInsectaLinnaeus 1758
orderPlecoptera
Scientific NamePlecoptera
Common Name(s) Steenvliegen, Steinfliegen, Mouches De Pierre, Plécoptères, Stoneflies, カワゲラ, Bäcksländor, Stonefly
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plecoptera

External Images

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Austroperlidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
123.0 Ma
Miocene
0 Ma
Extant
Baleyopterygidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
21228 Ma
Late/Upper Triassic
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Brachypterinae
family
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Capnidae
family
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Capniidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Small Winter Stonefly4183 Ma
Early Jurassic
0 Ma
Extant
Chloroperlidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Green Stonefly4152 Ma
Late Jurassic
0 Ma
Extant
Diamphipnoidae
family
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Eustheniidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
6268 Ma
Permian
0 Ma
Extant
Euxenoperlidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
17268 Ma
Permian
228 Ma
Late/Upper Triassic
Gripopterygidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
3152 Ma
Late Jurassic
0 Ma
Extant
Gulouidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
5315 Ma
Carboniferous
315 Ma
Carboniferous
Leuctridae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Rolled-winged Stonefly15152 Ma
Late Jurassic
0 Ma
Extant
Mesoleuctridae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
24237 Ma
Middle Triassic
129 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Nemouridae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Spring Stonefly9125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
0 Ma
Extant
Notonemouridae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
2170 Ma
Middle Jurassic
0 Ma
Extant
Palaeonemouridae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
53280 Ma
Permian
254 Ma
Permian
Palaeoperlidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
22272 Ma
Permian
254 Ma
Permian
Peltoperlidae
family
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Perlapsocidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1290 Ma
Permian
290 Ma
Permian
Perlariopseidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
84237 Ma
Middle Triassic
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Perlidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Common Stonefly2499.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
0 Ma
Extant
Perlodidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Perlodid Stonefly7152 Ma
Late Jurassic
0 Ma
Extant
Perlopseidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
7279 Ma
Permian
279 Ma
Permian
Platyperlidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
16237 Ma
Middle Triassic
133 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Pronemouridae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
9166 Ma
Middle Jurassic
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Pteronarcyidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Salmonfly2166 Ma
Middle Jurassic
0 Ma
Extant
Scopuridae
family
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Siberioperlidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
32237 Ma
Middle Triassic
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Styloperlidae
family
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Taeniopterygidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Winter Stonefly25191 Ma
Early Jurassic
0 Ma
Extant
Taeniopteryginae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
238.0 Ma
Eocene
0 Ma
Extant
Tshekardoperlidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
5279 Ma
Permian
260 Ma
Permian
Barathronympha
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1279 Ma
Permian
279 Ma
Permian
Chalcorychus
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1265 Ma
Permian
265 Ma
Permian
Dyadozoarium
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1265 Ma
Permian
265 Ma
Permian
Ecdyoperla
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1145 Ma
Late Jurassic
145 Ma
Late Jurassic
Eoperlites
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
147.8 Ma
Eocene
47.8 Ma
Eocene
Fluminiperla
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Germanoprisca
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1299 Ma
Carboniferous
299 Ma
Carboniferous
Hadentomoides
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1296 Ma
Permian
296 Ma
Permian
Hsuopterites
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1296 Ma
Permian
296 Ma
Permian
Khosara
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1265 Ma
Permian
265 Ma
Permian
Marciperla
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1170 Ma
Middle Jurassic
170 Ma
Middle Jurassic
Mesonotoperla
genus
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Mirumoperla
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1260 Ma
Permian
260 Ma
Permian
Roemerula
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1183 Ma
Early Jurassic
183 Ma
Early Jurassic
Thaumatophora
genus
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Triassoperla
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1228 Ma
Late/Upper Triassic
228 Ma
Late/Upper Triassic

References

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PESI - Pan-European Species directories Infrastructure - via World Register of Marine Species
Béthoux. 2005. Wing venation pattern of Plecoptera (Insecta: Neoptera). Illiesia, International Journal of Stonefly Research (Illiesia) 1(9):52-81 - via Plecoptera Species File
Grimaldi & Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects, Cambridge University Press, New York 194-196 - via Plecoptera Species File
Koese. 2007. De Nederlandse steenvliegen (Plecoptera). Entomologische Tabellen I Supplement BIJ Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen (Entomol. Tab. I) 1-158 - via Plecoptera Species File
Landolt & Sartori [Ed.]. 1997. Ephemeroptera & Plecoptera. Biology-Ecology-Systematics. Ephemeroptera & Plecoptera, Biology–Ecology–Systematics, MTL - Mauron+Tinguely & Lachat SA, Fribourg, Switzerland 569 pp. - via Plecoptera Species File
Nelson, C.H. 2016. In Yoshimura & Takemon [Ed.]. International Progress in Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera Research, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Ephemeroptera and the 17th International Symposium on Plecoptera, Wakayam, Japan, 3-9 June 2012. About the frequency distribution of variously sized genera and variously sized families in Plecoptera (Insecta) classification. Biology of Inland Waters Supplement 3:67-81 - via Plecoptera Species File
Stewart & Oswood. 2006. The Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Alaska and Western Canada. The Caddis Press, Columbus, Ohio vi. + 325 - via Plecoptera Species File
Stewart & Sandberg. 2006. In Drosopoulos & Claridge. Vibratory Communication and Mate Searching Behaviour in Stoneflies. Insect Sounds and Communication: Physiology, Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 179-186 - via Plecoptera Species File
Burmeister. 1839. Zweite Halfte. Neuroptera. Handbuch der Entomologie, Reimer, Berlin 2(2):863 - via Plecoptera Species File
Darilmaz, Salur, Murányi & Vinçon. 2016. Contribution to the knowledge of Turkish stoneflies with annotated catalogue (Insecta: Plecoptera). Zootaxa 4074(1):1-74 - via Plecoptera Species File
Petrin, Brittain & Saltveit. 2013. Mayfly and stonefly species traits and species composition reflect hydrological regulation: a meta-analysis. Freshwater Science (Freshw. Sci.) 32(2):425-437 - via Plecoptera Species File
Shah, Domisch, Pauls, Haase & Jähnig. 2014. Current and future latitudinal gradients in stream macroinvertebrate richness across North America. Freshwater Science (Freshw. Sci.) 33(4):1136-1147 - via Plecoptera Species File
Sheldon & Warren Jr. 2009. Filterers and templates: stonefly (Plecoptera) richness in Ouachita Mountains streams. Freshwater Science (Freshw. Sci.) 54:943-956 - via Plecoptera Species File
Sivec & Yule. 2004. In Yule & Yong. Freshwater Invertebrates of the Malaysian Region. Insecta: Plecoptera. Academy of Sciences Malaysia 443-456 - via Plecoptera Species File
Stark, Froehlich & del Carmen Zúñiga. 2009. In Adis, Arias, Golavatch, Wantzen & Rueda-Delgado [Ed.]. Aquatic Biodiversity of Latin America (ABLA). South American Stoneflies (Plecoptera) 5:1 - via Plecoptera Species File
Stewart & Stark. 2002. Nymphs of North American Stonefly Genera (Plecoptera). 2nd. Ed., Caddis Press, Columbus, Ohio 102 - via Plecoptera Species File
Vinson. 2003. Broad-scale geographical patterns in local stream insect genera richness. Ecography 26:751-767 - via Plecoptera Species File
Brusca, Richard C., and Gary J. Brusca, 2002: null. Invertebrates, Second Edition. xx + 936. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Claassen. 1940. A catalogue of the Plecoptera of the world. Memoirs of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station (Mem. Cornell agric. Exp. Sta.) 232:1-235 - via Plecoptera Species File
DeWalt, Favret & D.W. Webb. 2005. Just how imperiled are aquatic insects? A case study of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in Illinois. Annals of the Entomological Society of America (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.) 98:941-950 - via Plecoptera Species File
DeWalt. 2009. In Likens [Ed.]. Encyclopedia of Inland Waters. Plecoptera (Stoneflies). Oxford: Elsevier 2:415-422 - via Plecoptera Species File
Hynes. 1976. Biology of Plecoptera. Annual Review of Entomology (Annu.Rev.Entomol.) 21:135-153 - via Plecoptera Species File
Hynes. 1977. A key to the adults and nymphs of British stoneflies (Plecoptera), 3rd ed. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication (Freshw. Biol. Assoc. Sci. Pub.) 17:1-92 - via Plecoptera Species File
Illies. 1966. Katalog der rezenten Plecoptera. Das Tierreich – Eine Zusammenstellung und Kennzeichnung der rezenten Tierformen. (Das Tierreich) 82:1-631 - via Plecoptera Species File
McCulloch, Wallis & Waters. 2016. A time-calibrated phylogeny of southern hemisphere stoneflies: Testing for Gondwanan origins. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 96:150-160 - via Plecoptera Species File
Menninger. 2011. Winter Stoneflies are Supercool. Scientific American Blog 2/24/2011 - via Plecoptera Species File
Needham & Claassen. 1925. A Monograph of the Plecoptera or Stoneflies of America North of Mexico. The Thomas Say Foundation II:1-397 - via Plecoptera Species File
Ricker. 1992. Origins of stonefly names proposed by Ricker and collaborators. Perla 2:1-12 - via Plecoptera Species File
Sandberg, Serpa & Drake. 2015. The drumming signals of three winter stonefly species (Capniidae, Leuctridae: Plecoptera); with discussion resolving two common interval patterns. Illiesia, International Journal of Stonefly Research (Illiesia) 11(6):51 - via Plecoptera Species File
Yoshimura & Takemon [Ed.]. 2016. International Progress in Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera Research, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Ephemeroptera and the 17th International Symposium on Plecoptera, Wakayam, Japan, 3-9 June 2012. Biology of Inland Waters Supplement 3 - via Plecoptera Species File
Zwick, P. 2009. In Staniczek. International Perspectives in Mayfly and Stonefly Research, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Ephemeroptera and the 16th International Symposium on Plecoptera, Stuttgart, 2008. The Plecoptera-who are they? The problematic placement of stoneflies in the phylogenetic system of insects. Aquatic Insects: International Journal of Freshwater Entomology (Aquatic Insects) Supplement 1 31:181-194 - via Plecoptera Species File
Brittain. 1990. In Campbell [Ed.]. Mayflies and Stoneflies: Life Histories and Biology. Proceedings of the 5th International Ephemeroptera Conference and the 9th International Plecoptera Conference. Life History Strategies in Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. Series Entomologica (Ser. Entomol.) 44:1-12 - via Plecoptera Species File
Béthoux, Cui, Kondratieff, Stark & Ren. 2011. At last, a Pennsylvanian stem-stonefly (Plecoptera) discovered. BMC Evolutionary Biology 11(248):1-12 - via Plecoptera Species File
Feeley, Baars, Lysaght & Kelly-Quinn. 2016. The Stonefly (Plecoptera) of Ireland. The Stonefly (Plecoptera) of Ireland - Distribution, Life Histories & Ecology, National Biodiversity Data Centre, Waterford, Ireland 82 pp. - via Plecoptera Species File
Fochetti & Tierno de Figueroa. 2008. Global diversity of stoneflies (Plecoptera; Insecta) in Freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595:365-377 - via Plecoptera Species File
Olifiers, Dorville, Nessimian & Hamada. 2004. A key to Brazilian genera of Plecoptera (Insecta) based on nymphs. Zootaxa 651:1-15 - via Plecoptera Species File
Staniczek. 2009. International Perspectives in Mayfly and Stonefly Research, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Ephemeroptera and the 16th International Symposium on Plecoptera, Stuttgart, 2008. Aquatic Insects: International Journal of Freshwater Entomology (Aquatic Insects) Supplement 1 31:1-747 - via Plecoptera Species File
Tierno de Figueroa, Luzón-Ortega & Lopez-Rodriguez. 2015. Ordo Plecoptera. Iberfauna. El Banco de Datos de la Fauna Ibérica. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) - via Plecoptera Species File
Ward, J. V., Kondratieff & Zuellig. 2002. An Illustrated Guide to the Mountain Stream Insects of Colorado, Second Edition. University Press of Colorado 53 - via Plecoptera Species File
Zwick, P. 1973. Insecta: Plecoptera Phylogenetisches System und Katalog. Das Tierreich – Eine Zusammenstellung und Kennzeichnung der rezenten Tierformen. (Das Tierreich) 94:1-465 - via Plecoptera Species File
Zwick, P. 2000. Phylogenetic System and Zoogeography of the Plecoptera. Annual Review of Entomology (Annu.Rev.Entomol.) 45:709-746 - via Plecoptera Species File
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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