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Tapirus

Description

A tapir (TAY-pər, TAY-peer or tə-PEER, TAY-pee-ər) is a large, herbivorous mammal, similar in shape to a pig, with a short, prehensile nose trunk. Tapirs inhabit jungle and forest regions of South America, Central America, and Southeast Asia. There are four widely recognized extant species of tapirs, all of the family Tapiridae and the genus Tapirus. They are the Brazilian tapir, the Malayan tapir, the Baird's tapir, and the mountain tapir. In 2013, a group of researchers claimed to have identified a fifth species of tapir, the kabomani tapir. However, the existence of the kabomani tapir as a distinct species has been widely disputed, and recent genetic evidence further suggests it is actually nested within T. terrestris. The four species that have been evaluated (all except the kabomani) are all classified on the IUCN Red List as Endangered or Vulnerable. The tapirs have a number of extinct relatives in the superfamily Tapiroidea. The closest extant relatives of the tapirs are the other odd-toed ungulates, which include horses, donkeys, zebras and rhinoceroses.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)7939585https://www.gbif.org/species/7939585
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)43137https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43137
Rankgenus
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Tapiridae : Tapirus
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Tapiridae : Tapirus
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SynapsidaOsborn 1903
-Therapsida
infraorderCynodontia
-EpicynodontiaHopson and Kitching 2001
infraorderEucynodontiaKemp 1982
-ProbainognathiaHopson 1990
-MammaliamorphaRowe 1988
-MammaliaformesRowe 1988
classMammaliaLinnaeus 1758
subclassTribosphenida
infraclassEutheria
-PlacentaliaOwen 1837
orderPerissodactyla
-Tapiromorpha
-Ceratomorpha
superfamilyTapiroideaGill 1872
familyTapiridaeGray 1821
genusTapirusBrisson 1762
Common Nametapir
Scientific NameTapirus Brisson, 1762
Name Published InBrisson, Mathurin-Jacques. 1762. Regnum animale in classes IX. distributum, sive, Synopsis methodica : sistens generalem animalium distributionem in classes IX, & duarum primarum classium, quadrupedum scilicet & cetaceorum, particularem divisionem in ordines, sectiones, genera & species. Cum brevi cujusque speciei descriptione, citationibus auctorum de iis tractantium, nominibus eis ab ipsis & nationibus impositis, nominibusque vulgaribus. Lugduni Batavorum. (Haak) Editio altera auctior: + 1-296.
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Tapirusgenusbelongs to Tapiridaestated without evidenceBrisson, 1762
Tapirusgenusbelongs to Perissodactylastated without evidenceOwen, 1848
Tapirusgenusbelongs to Pachydermatastated without evidenceLeidy, 1860
Tapirusgenusbelongs to Tapiridaestated without evidenceCope, 1881
Tapirusgenusbelongs to TapiridaeimpliedCarroll, 1988
Tapirusgenusbelongs to Tapiridaestated without evidenceProthero and Schoch, 1989
Tapirusgenusbelongs to Tapiridaestated with evidenceColbert and Schoch, 1998
Tapirusgenusbelongs to Tapiridaestated without evidenceHulbert and Whitmore, 2006
Status (PBDB)extant
Taxon Size (PBDB)33
Extant Size (PBDB)9 (27%)
First Recorded Appearance33.9 - 28.1 Ma
Oligocene
Environmentterrestrial (based on Eutheria)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)
Dietbrowser
Ecospace Commentsbrowser based on stable isotopes (MacFadden and Cerling 1996); amphibious according to Gingerich 1983
Taphonomyphosphatic (based on Vertebrata)
Primary Reference (PBDB)M. J. Brisson. 1762. Regnum Animale in classes IX distributum, sive synopsis methodica, Ed. 2
Common Name(s) Tapir
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapirus

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Tapirus (Helicotapirus)
subgenus
listed (PBDB)914.90 Ma
Pliocene
0.13 Ma
Pleistocene
Tapirus (Megatapirus)
subgenus
listed (PBDB)102.59 Ma
Pleistocene
0.13 Ma
Pleistocene
Tapirus (Tapiralum)
subgenus
listed (PBDB)13.60 Ma
Pliocene
3.60 Ma
Pliocene
Tapiravus polkensis
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1223.0 Ma
Miocene
5.33 Ma
Miocene
Tapirus antiquus
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Tapirus arvernensis
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
267.25 Ma
Miocene
2.59 Ma
Pleistocene
Tapirus augustus
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Tapirus bairdii
species
listed (PBDB)Baird's Tapir10.01 Ma
Pleistocene
0 Ma
Extant
Tapirus balkanicus
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Tapirus greslebini
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Tapirus haysii
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Tapirus indicus
species
listed (PBDB)Malayan Tapir42.59 Ma
Pleistocene
0 Ma
Extant
Tapirus johnsoni
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
713.6 Ma
Miocene
13.6 Ma
Miocene
Tapirus kabomani
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Tapirus merriami
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
74.90 Ma
Pliocene
0.13 Ma
Pleistocene
Tapirus mesopotamicus
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
20.78 Ma
Pleistocene
0.13 Ma
Pleistocene
Tapirus olivaresi
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Tapir10.13 Ma
Pleistocene
0.13 Ma
Pleistocene
Tapirus peruvianus
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Tapirus pinchaque
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Mountain Tapir0 Ma
Extant
Tapirus priscus
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
516.0 Ma
Miocene
2.59 Ma
Pleistocene
Tapirus robustus
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Tapirus rondoniensis
species
listed (PBDB)10.13 Ma
Pleistocene
0.13 Ma
Pleistocene
Tapirus sanyuanensis
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
12.59 Ma
Pleistocene
2.59 Ma
Pleistocene
Tapirus simpsoni
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
110.3 Ma
Miocene
10.3 Ma
Miocene
Tapirus sinensis
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
12.59 Ma
Pleistocene
2.59 Ma
Pleistocene
Tapirus terrestris
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Brazilian Tapir102.59 Ma
Pleistocene
0 Ma
Extant
Tapirus veroensis
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Tapirus webbi
species
doubtful (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Tapir313.6 Ma
Miocene
10.3 Ma
Miocene

Obsolete Names

NameSourceTaxon RankTaxonomy
Elasmoganthus Palmer, 1904GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Tapiridae : Elasmoganthus
Chinchecus Trouessart, 1898GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Tapiridae : Chinchecus
Cinchacus Gray, 1873GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Tapiridae : Cinchacus
Tapirus Brünnich, 1771GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Tapiridae : Tapirus
Hydrochoerus Gray, 1821GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Tapiridae : Hydrochoerus
Elasmognathus Gill, 1865GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Tapiridae : Elasmognathus
Tapyra Liais, 1872GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Tapiridae : Tapyra
Pinchacus Hershkovitz, 1954GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Tapiridae : Pinchacus
Tapirussa Frisch, 1775GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Tapiridae : Tapirussa
Tapir Blumenbach, 1779GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Tapiridae : Tapir
Helicotapirus Hulbert, 2010GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Tapiridae : Helicotapirus
Syspotamus Billberg, 1827GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Tapiridae : Syspotamus
Rhinochoerus Wagler, 1830GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Tapiridae : Rhinochoerus

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1762Tapirus Brisson
1799Tapir Blumenbach
1825Tapirus Gray p. 342
1827Syspotamus Billberg
1830Rhinochoerus Wagler
1848Tapirus Owen p. 139
1860Tapirus Leidy p. 106
1872Tapyra Liais
1873Cinchacus Gray
1881Tapirus Cope p. 395
1902Tapirus Hay p. 628
1913Acrocodia Goldman p. 65
1940Tapirus Olson p. 53
1954Pinchacus Hershkovitz
1980Tapirus Kurten and Anderson p. 292
1988Tapirus Carroll
1989Tapirus Prothero and Schoch p. 534
1998Tapirus Colbert and Schoch p. 577
1999Tapirus Holbrook p. 346
2005Tapirus Colbert p. 5
2006Tapirus Hulbert and Whitmore p. 18
2006Tapirus Salles et al. p. 8
2010Tapirus Hulbert p. 78
2011Tapirus Holanda et al. p. 113
2018Tapirus Eshelman et al. p. 9
1762Tapirus Brisson
YearName and Author
1799Tapir Blumenbach
1825Tapirus Gray p. 342
1827Syspotamus Billberg
1830Rhinochoerus Wagler
1848Tapirus Owen p. 139
1860Tapirus Leidy p. 106
1872Tapyra Liais
1873Cinchacus Gray
1881Tapirus Cope p. 395
1902Tapirus Hay p. 628
1913Acrocodia Goldman p. 65
1913Tapirus Scott p. 291
1940Tapirus Olson p. 53
1954Pinchacus Hershkovitz
1957Tapirus Cattoi p. 16
1980Tapirus Kurten and Anderson p. 292
1988Tapirus Carroll
1989Tapirus Prothero and Schoch p. 534
1998Tapirus Colbert and Schoch p. 577
1999Tapirus Holbrook p. 346
2005Tapirus Colbert p. 5
2006Tapirus Hulbert and Whitmore p. 18
2006Tapirus Salles et al. p. 8
2010Tapirus Hulbert p. 78
2011Tapirus Holanda et al. p. 113
2018Tapirus Eshelman et al. p. 9

References

Brisson M. J. , Regnum Animale in classes IX distributum, sive synopsis methodica, Ed. 2
Gray J. E. An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe, Annals of Philosophy, new series 10, 337-344
Owen R. Description of teeth and portions of jaws of two extinct Anthracotherioid quadrupeds (Hyopotamus vectianus and Hyop. bovinus) discovered by the Marchioness of Hastings in the Eocene deposits on the NW coast of the Isle of Wight: with an attempt to develope Cuvier's idea of the Classification of Pachyderms by the number of their toes, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 4, 103-141
Leidy J. Description of Vertebrate Fossils, Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South-Carolina, 99-122
Cope E. D. The systematic arrangement of the Order Perissodactyla, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 19 108, 377-401
Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868
Olson E. C. (1940) A late Pleistocene fauna from Herculaneum, Missouri, Journal of Geology 48 1, 32-57
Kurten B., Anderson E. (1980) , Pleistocene mammals of North America, 1-442
Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698
Prothero D. R., Schoch R. M. (1989) Origin and evolution of the Perissodactyla: Summary and Synthesis, The Evolution of Perissodactyls, 530-529
Colbert M. W., Schoch R. M. (1998) Tapiroidea and other moropomorphs, Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America, 569-582
Holbrook L. T. (1999) The Pphylogeny and classification of tapiromorph perissodactyls (Mammalia), Cladistics 15 3, 331-350
Colbert M. W. (2005) The facial skeleton of the early Oligocene Colodon (Perissodactyla, Tapiroidea), Palaeontologia Electronica 8 1, 1-27
Hulbert R. C., Whitmore F. C. (2006) Late Miocene mammals from the Mauvilla Local Fauna, Alabama, Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 46 1, 1-28
Salles L. O., Cartelle C., et al (2006) Quaternary mammals from Serra do Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, Boletim do Museu Nacional 521, 1-12
Hulbert R. C. (2010) A new early Pleistocene tapir (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) from Florida, with a review of Blancan tapirs from around the state, Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 49 3, 67-126
Holanda E. C., Ferigolo J., et al (2011) New Tapirus species (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) from the upper Pleistocene of Amazonia, Brazil, Journal of Mammalogy 92 1, 111-120 doi:10.1644/10-MAMM-A-144.1
Eshelman R. E., Lowery D., et al (2018) Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) Mammalian Assemblage from Paw Paw Cove, Tilghman Island, Maryland, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 102, 1-15
Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (editors). (2005). Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd Ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 2,142 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Reg. Anim. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997, PaleoDB - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Groves, Colin, and Peter Grubb, 2011: null. Ungulate Taxonomy. ix + 317. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1998: OPINION 1894: Regnum Animale ..., Ed. 2 (M.J. Brisson, 1762): rejected for nomenclatural purposes, with the conservation of the mammalian generic names Philander (Marsupialia), Pteropus (Chiroptera), Glis, Cuniculus and Hydrochoerus (Rodentia), Meles.... Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, vol. 55, part 1. 64-71. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 2005: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2. 2000. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Opinion 1894 Regnum Animale?, Ed. 2 (M. J. Brisson, 1762): rejected for Nomenciatural purposes, with the conservation of the Mammalian generic names Philander (Marsupialia), Pteropus (Chiroptera), Glis, Cuniculus and Hydrochoerus (Rodentia), Meles, Lutra and Hyaena (Carnivora), Tapirus (Perissodactyla), Tragulus and Giraffa (Artiodactyla).Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 55(1), 64-71 (1998) - via Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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