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Brontotheriidae ✝

Photos

Photo Gallery

Brontops robustus

Nebraska, USA

Brontops robustus

Nebraska, USA

Brontops robustus

Nebraska, USA

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	350594	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=350594

Rank

family (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Brontotheriidae

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
-	Placentalia	Owen 1837
order	Perissodactyla
family	Brontotheriidae	Marsh 1873

Common Name

brontothere

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Brontotheriidae	family	belongs to Brontotherioidea	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Brontotheriidae	family	belongs to Perissodactyla	stated without evidence	Dehm and Oettingen-Spielberg, 1958
Brontotheriidae	family	belongs to Hippomorpha	stated without evidence	Ferrusquia-Villafranca, 1969
Brontotheriidae	family	belongs to Perissodactyla	stated without evidence	Kumar and Sahni, 1985
Brontotheriidae	family	belongs to Titanotheriomorpha	implied	Carroll, 1988
Brontotheriidae	family	belongs to Brontotherioidea	stated without evidence	Prothero and Schoch, 1989
Brontotheriidae	family	belongs to Titanotheriomorpha	stated with evidence	Hooker and Dashzeveg, 2004
Brontotheriidae	family	belongs to Perissodactyla	stated with evidence	Mihlbachler, 2008
Brontotheriidae	family	belongs to Perissodactyla	stated without evidence	Mihlbachler, 2011

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

172

First Recorded Appearance

56.0 - 50.3 Ma
Eocene

Last Recorded Appearance

28.4 - 23.0 Ma
Cenozoic

Environment

terrestrial (based on Eutheria)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

browser (based on Brontotheriidae)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

O. C. Marsh. 1873. Notice of new Tertiary mammals (continued). 5(30):485-488

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Brontotheriinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)	194	56.0 Ma Paleocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Embolotheriinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)	1	48.6 Ma Eocene	48.6 Ma Eocene
Eotitanopinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)	36	56.0 Ma Paleocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Epimanteoceratinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)
Palaeosyopinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)	66	55.8 Ma Eocene	46.2 Ma Eocene
Balochititanops ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Danjiangia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	55.8 Ma Eocene	55.8 Ma Eocene
Lambdotherium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	81	55.8 Ma Eocene	50.3 Ma Eocene
Metatelmatherium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	5	48.6 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Mulkrajanops ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Pakotitanops ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	3	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Sivatitanops ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	11	41.3 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Sthenodectes ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	46.2 Ma Eocene	46.2 Ma Eocene
Xylotitan ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	50.3 Ma Eocene	50.3 Ma Eocene

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1873	Brontotheridae Marsh p. 486
1881	Menodontidae Cope p. 396
1891	Titanotheriidae Flower and Lydekker p. 90
1902	Brontotheriidae Hay p. 629
1908	Titanotheriidae Lambe
1914	Brontopinae Osborn p. 405
1935	Brontotheriidae Schlaikjer p. 83
1958	Brontotheridae Dehm and Oettingen-Spielberg p. 21
1969	Brontopinae Ferrusquia-Villafranca
1969	Brontotheridae Ferrusquia-Villafranca
1985	Brontotheridae Kumar and Sahni p. 153
1988	Brontotheridae Carroll
1989	Brontotheriidae Prothero and Schoch p. 536
2004	Brontotheridae Hooker and Dashzeveg p. 1379
2008	Brontotheriidae Mihlbachler p. 19
2011	Brontotheriidae Mihlbachler p. 203
2011	Brontotheriidae Missiaen et al. p. 667
1873	Brontotheridae Marsh p. 486
1881	Menodontidae Cope p. 396
1891	Titanotheriidae Flower and Lydekker p. 90
1902	Brontotheriidae Hay p. 629
1908	Titanotheriidae Lambe
1913	Titanotheriidae Scott p. 291
1914	Brontopinae Osborn p. 405
1935	Brontotheriidae Schlaikjer p. 83
1958	Brontotheridae Dehm and Oettingen-Spielberg p. 21
1969	Brontopinae Ferrusquia-Villafranca

Year	Name and Author
1969	Brontotheridae Ferrusquia-Villafranca
1985	Brontotheridae Kumar and Sahni p. 153
1988	Brontotheridae Carroll
1989	Brontotheriidae Prothero and Schoch p. 536
2004	Brontotheridae Hooker and Dashzeveg p. 1379
2008	Brontotheriidae Mihlbachler p. 19
2011	Brontotheriidae Mihlbachler p. 203
2011	Brontotheriidae Missiaen et al. p. 667
1873	Brontotheridae Marsh p. 486
1881	Menodontidae Cope p. 396
1891	Titanotheriidae Flower and Lydekker p. 90
1902	Brontotheriidae Hay p. 629
1908	Titanotheriidae Lambe
1913	Titanotheriidae Scott p. 291
1914	Brontopinae Osborn p. 405
1935	Brontotheriidae Schlaikjer p. 83
1958	Brontotheridae Dehm and Oettingen-Spielberg p. 21
1969	Brontopinae Ferrusquia-Villafranca
1969	Brontotheridae Ferrusquia-Villafranca
1985	Brontotheridae Kumar and Sahni p. 153
1988	Brontotheridae Carroll
1989	Brontotheriidae Prothero and Schoch p. 536
2004	Brontotheridae Hooker and Dashzeveg p. 1379
2008	Brontotheriidae Mihlbachler p. 19
2011	Brontotheriidae Mihlbachler p. 203
2011	Brontotheriidae Missiaen et al. p. 667

References

Marsh O. C. Notice of new Tertiary mammals (continued) 5 30, 485-488 doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-5.30.485

Cope E. D. The systematic arrangement of the Order Perissodactyla, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 19 108, 377-401

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Lambe L. M. (1908) The Vertebrata of the Oligocene of the Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan, Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology 3 4, 1-65 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61444

Osborn H. F. (1914) Recent results in the phylogeny of the titanotheres, Geological Society America Bulletin 25 1, 403-405

Schlaikjer E. M. (1935) Contributions to the Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of the Goshen Hole Area, Wyoming. III. A New Basal Oligocene Formation, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 76 3, 71-93

Dehm R., Oettingen-Spielberg T. (1958) Paläontologische und geologische Untersuchungen im Tertiär von Pakistan, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathewmatisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 91, 1-54

Ferrusquia-Villafranca I. (1969) Rancho Gaitan Local Fauna, Early Chadronian, Northeastern Chihuahua, Boletín de la Sociedad Geologica Mexicana 33 2, 99-138

Kumar K., Sahni A. (1985) Eocene mammals from the upper Subathu Group, Kashmir Himalaya, India, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5 2, 153-168

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Prothero D. R., Schoch R. M. (1989) Classification of the Perissodactyla, The Evolution of Perissodactyla, 530-537

Hooker J. J., Dashzeveg D. (2004) The origin of chalicotheres (Perissodactyla, Mammalia), Palaeontology 47 6, 1363-1387 doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00421.x

Mihlbachler M. C. (2008) Species taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 311 1, 1-475 doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2008)501

Mihlbachler M. C. (2011) A new uintan horned brontothere from Wyoming and the evolution of canine size and sexual dimorphism in the Brontotheriidae (Perissodactyla: Mammalia), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 1, 202-214 doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.539653

Missiaen P., Gunnell G. F., et al (2011) New Brontotheriidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the early and middle Eocene of Pakistan with implications for mammalian Paleobiogeography, Journal of Paleontology 85 4, 665-677

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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