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The mineralogy of Zirconium

General Properties
Symbol:Zr
Atomic Number:40
Standard atomic weight (Ar):91.224(2)
Electron configuration:[Kr] 4d2 5s2
Photos
<
Zirconium crystal bar and cube
>
Atomic Properties
Electronegativity (Pauling scale):1.33
Atomic Radius:206 pm
Ionic Radius:72 pm (+4)
1st Ionization energy:640 kJ/mol
1st Electron affinity:-41 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:1,2,3,4
Physical Properties
Standard State:solid
Bonding Type:metallic
Melting Point:2128 K
Boiling Point:4682 K
Density:6.51 g/cm3
Metal/Non-Metal:transition metal
Main isotopes of Zirconium
Isotope% in NatureHalf LifeDecay typeDecay product
88Zrsynthetic83.4dε88Y
89Zrsynthetic78.4hε89Y
β+89Y
90Zr51.45%stable
91Zr11.22%stable
92Zr17.15%stable
93Zrtrace1.53×106yβ−93Nb
94Zr17.38%>1.1×1017yβ-β- ?94Mo
96Zr2.8%2.0×1019yβ-β-96Mo
β− ?96Nb
Main ions of Zirconium
NameIonExample minerals
zirconium(II)Zr2+
zirconium(III)Zr3+
zirconium(IV)Zr4+Zircon
Other Information
Year Discovered:1789
Discovered By:
04918220014946407932832.jpg
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Year Isolated:1824
Isolated By:
08854280014946275137709.jpg
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Named For:
02671250014946407941262.jpg
after zircon (persian - zargun) meaning "gold-colored"
CPK color coding:#94E0E0
External Links:WikipediaWebElementsLos Alamos National LaboratoryTheodore Gray's PeriodicTable.com
Simple Compounds and Mineral Names
Nitrideszirconium nitrideZrN+3
Sulfideszirconium disulphideZrS2+4
Selenideszirconium diselenideZrSe2+4
Tellurideszirconium ditellurideZrTe2+4
Hydrideszirconium dihydrideZrH2+2
Fluorideszirconium tetrafluorideZrF4+4
Chlorideszirconium dichlorideZrCl2+2
zirconium tetrachlorideZrCl4+4
Bromideszirconium tribromideZrBr3+3
zirconium tetrabromideZrBr4+4
Iodideszirconium diiodideZrI2+2
zirconium triiodideZrI3+3
zirconium tetraiodideZrI4+4
Oxideszirconium dioxideZrO2+4Baddeleyite
Mineral Diversity of Zirconium
4. Oxides 23 valid mineral species
5. Carbonates 3 valid mineral species
6. Borates1 valid mineral species
7. Sulfates 1 valid mineral species
8. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates8 valid mineral species
9. Silicates 100 valid mineral species
Total:136 valid species containing essential Zirconium
Geochemistry of Zirconium
Goldschmidt classification:Lithophile
Zr4+ is commonly concentrated in residual soils and sediments.
Zr4+ is concentrated in deep-sea ferromanganese nodules relative to seawater.
Elemental Abundance for Zirconium
Crust (CRC Handbook)1.65 x 10-4mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Kaye & Laby)1.4 x 10-4mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Greenwood)1.62 x 10-4mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)1.00 x 10-4mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Ahrens/Weaver)2.10 x 10-4mass fraction, kg/kg
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)1.90 x 10-4mass fraction, kg/kg
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Shaw)2.40 x 10-4mass fraction, kg/kg
Sea Water (CRC Handbook)3 x 10-11mass per volume fraction, kg/L
Sea Water (Kaye & Laby)2.6 x 10-11mass per volume fraction, kg/L
The Sun (Kaye & Laby)1.12 x 10-5atom mole fraction relative to Si=1
Solar System (Kaye & Laby)1.14 x 10-5atom mole fraction relative to Si=1
Solar System (Ahrens)1.14 x 10-5 (6.4%)atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 (% uncertainty)
Element association of Zirconium in the Mineral World
This table compares the known valid mineral species listed listed with Zirconium and the other elements listed based on the official IMA formula. Note that unlike other sections on this page this includes non-essential elements.

The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Zirconium and the element listed for that row.

The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Zirconium.

The final data column compares this percentage against the percentage of all minerals that contain the element listed in each row.

Click on a heading to sort.
ElementValid Minerals listed with element and Zirconium% of Zr mineralsRelative to % in all minerals
Oxygen145 minerals with Zr and O100.00%23.12% higher
Silicon106 minerals with Zr and Si73.10%163.66% higher
Sodium86 minerals with Zr and Na59.31%210.93% higher
Hydrogen83 minerals with Zr and H57.24%1.86% higher
Calcium76 minerals with Zr and Ca52.41%106.84% higher
Iron41 minerals with Zr and Fe28.28%23.55% higher
Titanium37 minerals with Zr and Ti25.52%258.91% higher
Manganese34 minerals with Zr and Mn23.45%96.78% higher
Potassium23 minerals with Zr and K15.86%57.94% higher
Chlorine21 minerals with Zr and Cl14.48%95.50% higher
Niobium20 minerals with Zr and Nb13.79%352.32% higher
Strontium18 minerals with Zr and Sr12.41%345.86% higher
Fluorine18 minerals with Zr and F12.41%53.81% higher
Cerium11 minerals with Zr and Ce7.59%139.66% higher
Aluminium11 minerals with Zr and Al7.59%62.39% lower
Carbon10 minerals with Zr and C6.90%15.25% lower
Phosphorus10 minerals with Zr and P6.90%44.37% lower
Magnesium9 minerals with Zr and Mg6.21%54.77% lower
Lithium6 minerals with Zr and Li4.14%104.66% higher
Barium5 minerals with Zr and Ba3.45%25.42% lower
Yttrium5 minerals with Zr and Y3.45%47.57% higher
Chromium4 minerals with Zr and Cr2.76%51.32% higher
Tungsten3 minerals with Zr and W2.07%131.19% higher
Beryllium3 minerals with Zr and Be2.07%6.13% lower
Boron3 minerals with Zr and B2.07%58.93% lower
Scandium2 minerals with Zr and Sc1.38%261.86% higher
Lanthanum2 minerals with Zr and La1.38%2.09% lower
Antimony2 minerals with Zr and Sb1.38%75.38% lower
Caesium2 minerals with Zr and Cs1.38%168.48% higher
Tin1 mineral with Zr and Sn0.69%63.50% lower
Molybdenum1 mineral with Zr and Mo0.69%54.77% lower
Tantalum1 mineral with Zr and Ta0.69%42.99% lower
Sulfur1 mineral with Zr and S0.69%96.87% lower
Lead1 mineral with Zr and Pb0.69%93.47% lower
Uranium1 mineral with Zr and U0.69%86.62% lower
Vanadium1 mineral with Zr and V0.69%85.65% lower
Periodic Table
1H 2He
3Li 4Be 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F 10Ne
11Na 12Mg 13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 18Ar
19K 20Ca 21Sc 22Ti 23V 24Cr 25Mn 26Fe 27Co 28Ni 29Cu 30Zn 31Ga 32Ge 33As 34Se 35Br 36Kr
37Rb 38Sr 39Y 40Zr 41Nb 42Mo 43Tc 44Ru 45Rh 46Pd 47Ag 48Cd 49In 50Sn 51Sb 52Te 53I 54Xe
55Cs 56Ba 57La 72Hf 73Ta 74W 75Re 76Os 77Ir 78Pt 79Au 80Hg 81Tl 82Pb 83Bi 84Po 85At 86Rn
87Fr 88Ra 89Ac 104Rd 105Db 106Sg 107Bh 108Hs 109Mt 110Ds 111Rg 112Cn 113Nh 114Fl 115Mc 116Lv 117Ts 118Og
 
58Ce 59Pr 60Nd 61Pm 62Sm 63Eu 64Gd 65Tb 66Dy 67Ho 68Er 69Tm 70Yb 71Lu
90Th 91Pa 92U 93Np 94Pu 95Am 96Cm 97Bk 98Cf 99Es 100Fm 101Md 102No 103Lr
Default Categories CPK Electronegativity Atomic Radius Lowest Oxidation Highest Oxidation Crustal Abundance Goldschmidt Mineral Species Minerals with Zr Relative Frequency
Yttrium << Zirconium >> Niobium


Most widespread minerals containing Zirconium
This list of minerals containing Zirconium is built from the mindat.org locality database. This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Zirconium mineral species. It is more useful when comparing rare species rather than common species.
NameFormulaCrystal SystemMindat Localities
ZirconZr(SiO4)Tetragonal7574
BaddeleyiteZrO2Monoclinic393
EudialyteNa15Ca6Fe3Zr3Si(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)2Trigonal280
ZirconoliteCaZrTi2O7Orthorhombic190
CatapleiiteNa2Zr(Si3O9) · 2H2OMonoclinic169
WöhleriteNa2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3FMonoclinic140
LåveniteNa2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2Monoclinic93
ElpiditeNa2ZrSi6O15 · 3H2OOrthorhombic69
RosenbuschiteNa6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6Triclinic65
HiortdahliteNa2Ca4(Ca0.5Zr0.5)Zr(Si2O7)2OF3Triclinic47
Photos

Localities with greatest number of different Zirconium mineral species
1Poudrette quarry (De-Mix quarry; Demix quarry; Uni-Mix quarry; Carrière Mont Saint-Hilaire; MSH), Mont Saint-Hilaire, La Vallée-du-Richelieu RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada43 Zr minerals
2Alluaiv Mountain, Lovozersky District, Murmansk Oblast, Russia18 Zr minerals
3Karnasurt Mountain, Lovozersky District, Murmansk Oblast, Russia14 Zr minerals
4Demix-Varennes quarry, Saint-Amable sill, Varennes & St-Amable, Lajemmerais RCM, Montérégie, Québec, Canada14 Zr minerals
5Wind Mountain, Cornudas Mountains, Otero County, New Mexico, USA14 Zr minerals
6Burpala alkaline massif, Maigunda River, Mama River Basin, Buryatia, Russia13 Zr minerals
Água de Pau Volcano, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal13 Zr minerals
Poços de Caldas alkaline complex, Minas Gerais, Brazil13 Zr minerals


Important ores of Zirconium
NameFormulaCrystal System
ZirconZr(SiO4)Tetragonal
Photos


Spotted a mistake/omission? - These pages are a work in progress, so please send all comments/corrections to jolyon@mindat.org. Thank you.

Constants and physical property data from:

David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005).
Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants (2005). Section 3.1.3, Abundances of the elements
A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (1997)
Thomas J. Ahrens (ed.), Global Earth Physics : A Handbook of Physical Constants, American Geophysical Union (1995)
L.B. Railsback, An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of the Elements and Their Ions : Geology 31:9 p737-740 (2003)
Emsley, J. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. New York: Oxford University Press (2001)
 
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