	Melcher, Frank, Graupner, Torsten, Gäbler, Hans-Eike, Sitnikova, Maria, Henjes-Kunst, Friedhelm, Oberthür, Thomas, Gerdes, Axel, Dewaele, Stijn (2015) Tantalum–(niobium–tin) mineralisation in African pegmatites and rare metal granites: Constraints from Ta–Nb oxide mineralogy, geochemistry and U–Pb geochronology. Ore Geology Reviews, 64. 667-719 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.09.003	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Radiometric data T 4.4.5.2. Mineralogy IP 4.4.6. Madagascar 4.5. Mesozoic SC R 4.5.1. Jos Plateau (Nigeria)...Mineralogy NU 5. Mineral chemistry of columbite-tantalite, tapiolite, wodginite and ixiolite in African...(Namibia) 5.4.5. Older Granites (Nigeria) 5.4.6. Madagascar 5.5. Mesozoic 5.5.1. Jos Plateau (Nigeria) 6...sources 7.2. Compositional variation of columbite-tantalite, tapiolite and wodginite-ixiolite 7.3. Chemical... Compositions of CGM are extremely D variable: Fe-rich types predominate in the Man Shield (Sierra
	Martin, Robert F., De Vito, Caterina (2014) THE LATE-STAGE MINIFLOOD OF Ca IN GRANITIC PEGMATITES: AN OPEN-SYSTEM ACID-REFLUX MODEL INVOLVING PLAGIOCLASE IN THE EXOCONTACT. The Canadian Mineralogist, 52 (2) 165-181 doi:10.3749/canmin.52.2.165	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	mostly Ca (causing a miniflood of Ca), but also Sr, Fe, Mg, Sc, Li and B. Other elements are efficiently...of the lepidolite series, pollucite, tantalite-(Fe) and tantalite-(Mn), i.e., super-LCT deposits. Keywords:...Pan-African collisionrelated activity in Madagascar. Anjanabonoina, Madagascar Anjanabonoina is located about 55...Province, central 168 the canadian mineralogist Madagascar. The Anjanabonoina gem-tourmaline deposit is...substitution: XCa + YLi → XNa + Y(Fe + Mg), YLi + YAl → 2 Y(Fe + Mg) and, where Fe and Mg have fallen to 0, XCa
	*Von Knorring, O., Condliffe, E. (1987) Mineralized pegmatites in Africa, in African Geology Reviews. Geological Journal, 22. 253-270 doi:10.1002/gj.3350220619*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Mozambique belt in East Africa. Mozambique and Madagascar and within the Damara sequence in Namibia and...Anihlvgonite-montehrasitc Pollucite Xcnotinic Columbite-tantalite Equatorial central and south Africa Beryl Cassiterite...equatorial, central and southern Africa, including Madagascar, where the senior author has investigated numerous...Mommbique belt of East Africa, Mozambique, and Madagascar, and in the Damaran of Namibia (Figure 1). One...especially in parts of central and southern Africa and Madagascar distinct geochemical provinces of lithium can
	Rao, C., Wang, R. C., Hu, H., Zhang, W. L. (2009) COMPLEX INTERNAL TEXTURES IN OXIDE MINERALS FROM THE NANPING No. 31 DYKE OF GRANITIC PEGMATITE, FUJIAN PROVINCE, SOUTHEASTERN CHINA. The Canadian Mineralogist, 47 (5) 1195-1212 doi:10.3749/canmin.47.5.1195	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	sequence from columbite-(Fe) (zone I) through tantalite-(Fe) (zone II) to tantalite-(Mn) (zone III), but... columbite in the zone V. Microscopic tapiolite-(Fe) is identified as a product of exsolution in cassiterite...associations of wodginite, columbite–tantalite and tapiolite-(Fe) are characteristic of cassiterite in...seems to result from the greater stability of tantalite than columbite components during fractional crystallization...multiple-generation phenomena are notable in columbite–tantalite crystals from zones IV–V. In the latter case,
	Melcher, F., Graupner, T., Oberthür, T., Schütte, P. (2017) Tantalum-(niobium-tin) mineralisation in pegmatites and rare-metal granites of Africa. South African Journal of Geology, 120 (1) 77-100 doi:10.25131/gssajg.120.1.77	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	geochemical features. Compositions of CGM are variable: Fe-rich types predominate in the Man Shield (Sierra...the Jos Plateau (Nigeria); Mn-rich columbite-tantalite is typical of the Alto Ligonha Province (Mozambique)...the Tantalite Valley pegmatites (southern Namibia) and Large compositional variations through Fe-Mn...tons of mixed Ta-Nb ore concentrate (columbite-tantalite, “coltan”, at about 30% Ta2O5) have been produced...Zimbabwe From 1916 to 1950, 160 tons of columbite-tantalite concentrate were produced from pegmatites at Bikita
	Graupner, T., Melcher, F., Gäbler, H.-E., Sitnikova, M., Brätz, H., Bahr, A. (2010) Rare earth element geochemistry of columbite-group minerals: LA-ICP-MS data. Mineralogical Magazine, 74 (4) 691-713 doi:10.1180/minmag.2010.074.4.691	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	concentrations and distribution patterns of columbite-tantalite minerals from Ta-ore provinces worldwide are presented...of the melt in a pegmatite body (either Nb ? Ta or Fe ? Mn fractionation lines, or both) results in smaller...K EY WORDS : LCT family pegmatites, columbite-tantalite, REE geochemistry, LA-ICP-MS data. Introduction...Ln3++Ti4+) or a samarskite-type (2A2++B5+ ? 3(Ln+Fe)3+) substitution mechanism. In pyrochlore-group minerals...based on an in-house reference sample (columbite-(Fe)) for CGM and on NIST 612 reference glass for silicate
	*Foucault, Alain, Farges, François (2013) À la découverte des minéraux et des pierres précieuses [Discovering minerals and gemstones]. Dunod, Paris.*	Book
	l’ongle (à droite) Halite (Pologne) Spinelle (Madagascar) Par ailleurs, les conditions de formation influencent...néphrite ») : (Ca,Fe)2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 (trémoliteactinote) ; pyroxènes : Na(Al,Cr,Fe)Si2O6 (jadéite et...variété morganite (Brésil) ; (5) variété héliodore (Madagascar) ; (6) béryl rouge (« bixbite », Utah) ‡‡ Structure...Quartz hyalin (Brésil) Quartz microcristallin (Madagascar) Roche (quartzite, États-Unis) Un même minéral...les « rouilles vertes » telle la fougérite (Fe(II),Mg)6 Fe(III)2(OH)18•4H2O). Elle fut identifiée en 1996
	*Quirke, Terence Thomas, Kremers, Howard Earl (1943) Rare element prospecting in pegmatites. Economic Geology, 38 (3) 173-187 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.38.3.173*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	titanium is always present evenin tantalite,(Fe,Mn) O. Ta2Os,andcolumbite,(Fe,Mn) O. Cb205.8 In the so-called...is held in the cation. Ilmenite, TiO2. (FeO)x. (Fe•O3)y, might be suggestedasa testmineralbecause of...and Dey • found vanadiumas the mineralcoulsonite, (Fe,V),_Oa,dispersed in the magnetiteof titaniferous..., V +4-- 0.61 g,, V +3 = 0.66 g,, Ti+4= 0.64 g,, Fe+8= 0.67 g,), trivalentvanadium might well replac...Fe20• q- V•O• ¾ coulsonite (2) 4FeO + V205 --- Fe•Oa+ Fe•Oa+ V•Oa couls•)nite A study of the writing by
	*(2019) Golconda!. The Mineralogical Record* Vol. 50 (5) The Mineralogical Record, Inc.**	Journal (issue)
	dikes in which beryl, mica, tourmaline and columbite-(Fe) are found. The rocks are usually decomposed, the...tourmaline, morganite, aquamarine, cassiterite, tantalite-(Mn), microlite, spodumene, cookeite and spessartine...up to 3 mm was associated with cassiterite and tantalite-(Mn). Pink, lavender and pale lilac cookeite crystals...To these we must add beautiful crystals of tantalite-(Fe) up to 6 cm. Around the year 2000 there was...photo, acquired in 1989 through the Compagnie de Madagascar (a mining company office in Paris). Figure 46
	Xie, Lei, Tao, Xiangyuan, Wang, Rucheng, Wu, Fuyuan, Liu, Chen, Liu, Xiaochi, Li, Xingkui, Zhang, Rongqing (2020) Highly fractionated leucogranites in the eastern Himalayan Cuonadong dome and related magmatic Be–Nb–Ta and hydrothermal Be–W–Sn mineralization. Lithos, 354. 105286 doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105286	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Na, and K for feldspar; Si, Al, Fe, K, and 163 F for mica; Si, Al, Fe, and Mn for garnet; Si, Al, and...beryl; Si, Zr, and Hf for 164 zircon; Nb, Ta, Mn, Fe, and W for the columbite group minerals, tapiolite...monazite standards 199 (Manangouty, Southern Madagascar and 44069, Delaware) as an external standard...(Fig. 302 3h). The beryl contains trace amounts of Fe, Mg, Na, and K, whereas both Rb and Cs 303 are...granite are classified as columbite-(Fe) with 315 Mn# (Mn/[Mn + Fe]) values of 0.14–0.20 and low Ta# (Ta/[Ta
	*Cairncross, Bruce, Mccarthy, Terence (2015) Understanding Minerals & Crystals. Penguin Random House South Africa.*	Book
	\| 33 \| 34 \| 35 \| 36 K \| Ca] Sc \| Ti \| V \| Cr} Mn] Fe \| Co] Ni \| Cul Zn \| Ga} Ge} As \| Se \| Br \| kr a...He2i Oita 3. 2 \| 2 \| 2 24] 25 \| 26] 27] \|G \| Mia fe \| Go\| V \|] 1.8] \|1.5\| 12 11 10 7208 65 ...\| 62 \| 63 \| 64 \| 65 \| 66 \| 67 \| 68 \| 69 \| 70 \| 71 fe \| Pr \| Nd \| Pm\| Sm] Eu \| Gd\| Tb \| Dy \| Ho\| Er \| tm]...\| e 4 2 22) Ti 23 \| 24s) 250626) Vv Cr \| Mn} Fe 6 3.76] 2.88] 4+ 68\| 3+74\| 7 40 \| 41 \| 42 \| Zr...abundance. Thus, for the smaller the ion. For example, Fe** has a radius of 74 pm, whereas the radius of every
	*Cairncross, Bruce, Mccarthy, Terence (2015) Understanding Minerals & Crystals. Penguin Random House South Africa.*	Book
	19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As...106 102 99 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As...10 11 12 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 16 S 15 P 17 Cl 18...Nb 42 Mo 4+ 79 4+ 74 4+ 70 72 Hf 8 - 9 26 Fe 10 27 Co 2+ 74 3+ 64 11 29 Cu 28 Ni 2+ 69 ...109 108 O 10 C 7 Mg N Ne Si 106 S Ar 105 Fe Ca Al Ni Na 10 Cr 4 P 103 F Mn Ti Cl
	Raith, J.G., Melcher, F. (2014) Pegmatite – erste österreichische Arbeitstagung an der Montanuniversität Leoben (11. April 2014) – Zusammenfassungen der Beiträge. Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft, 160.	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	granites is reviewed. Members of the columbite-tantalite group are the most common and economically important...1989). Especially the members of the columbite-tantalite, tapiolite, wodginite and ixiolite groups share...solution members of the orthorhombic columbite-tantalite group with the general formula AB2O6 (A = Fe2+...endmembers are columbite-(Fe), columbite-(Mn), tantalite-(Mn) and tantalite-(Fe). Their composition is traditionally...traditionally expressed as molar ratios #Mn = 100Mn/(Mn+Fe) and #Ta = 100Ta/(Ta+Nb), and plotted in the “columbite
	*(1997) Richard Tayler Minerals Catalogue* 73. Richard Tayler Minerals**	Catalog/List
	50 (Rudabanya Hungary) 248 GADOLINITE (Ce La Nd Y) Fe Be Silicate.2mm to 3mm brown crystal section in Albite...ins £3.50 407 TADZHIKITE Ce Ca (Ce Nd La) (Ti Al Fe) B SiO vitreous brownish micro plates on Sandine...Mexico) lxl £10 14 x 54 ins £5 498 ZEMANNITE (Zn Fe) (Te 0) Na minute brown micros in cavity on J4 ins...')• £5 ' (1 nice micro xl bn rock £2.50) 487 TANTALITE Fe Ta 0 2 to 3mm Black micro crystals or crystal...shaped single crystal. 3 mm £3.50 (Antsirabe Madagascar) 3 small crystals for £8 489 STRACZEKITE Ca K
	*Williams-Jones, A. E., Vasyukova, O. V. (2018) The Economic Geology of Scandium, the Runt of the Rare Earth Element Litter. Economic Geology, 113 (4) 973-988 doi:10.5382/econgeo.2018.4579*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	example, columbite [(Fe,Mn)Nb2O6], tantalite [(Fe,Mn)Ta2O6], and ixiolite [(Ta,Nb,Sn,Mn,Fe)4O8] commonly have...(Kalashnikov et al., 2016). Zirconolite [(Ca,Ce)Zr(Ti,Fe,Nb)2O7] in this deposit contains 208 ppm Sc, on average...banded ore from the main pit of the Bayan Obo REE-Fe ore deposit, China. b. A photomicrograph in transmitted...remainder distributed among micas, feldspars, and Fe oxides. Although the deposit is clearly metasomatic...notably the Befanamo and Berere districts in Madagascar. Unfortunately, very little is known about the
	*Pearl, Richard M. (1964) Gems, Minerals, Crystals and Ores* - The Collector's Encyclopedia. The Odyssey Press, New York.**	Book
	examination. The tools used in collecting minerals are fe,v in number. The first and most indispensable tool...mineral, and the asparagus-green color is common. Madagascar, source oi many of the world 's finest minerals...mineral containing the chromate ion (Cr0 4 ). Of the fe,.v chromate minerals known, crocoite is the most...Ferric. Iron of a higher state of oxidation. Hematite (Fe 2 0 3 ) is a ferric iron mineral. 58 Ferromagnesian... Ferromagnesian. Containing iron and magnesium. Olivine, (Fe,Mg) 2 SiO4 , is a ferromagnesian mineral. Ferrous
	*Pearl, Richard M. (1964) Gems, Minerals, Crystals and Ores* - The Collector's Encyclopedia. The Odyssey Press, New York.**	Book
	mineral, and the asparagus-green color common. Madagascar, source of many of the is world's finest minerals...Ferric. Iron of a higher state of oxidation. Hematite (Fe 0 2 is 58 a ferric iron mineral. 3 ) Ferromagnesian...(FeC0 3 ) (Fe,Mg) 2 Si0 4 is , a ferrous iron mineral. Ferruginous. Containing iron, Fe. Fibrous. A...chromite, hausmannite, chrysoberyl, columbite, tantalite. Although quartz an oxide (Si0 2 ), it is now...another metal atom bonded equally to oxygen. Tantalite, formanite, and microlite are examples. Tarnish
	*Bauer, Jaroslav (1974) A Field Guide in Colour to Minerals, Rocks and Precious Stones. Octopus Books.*	Book
	~ —— - +i a res 4 = > re race cin ae a fe Sur je f ery eel q a ae = eo aren * ae -...(Stassfurtite) in syenites & pegmatites in Norway & Madagascar crystals vitreous less clear to good transpar... Germany HAMBERGITE Be.[(OH,F) BOs] Imalo, Madagascar orthorhombic colourless, white, yellow, pink...MOLYBDITE of molybdenite & MoOs; or other molybdenum \| Fe.(MoQ,), . minerals 7H,O (Molybdenum Ochre) different...siderite, limonite (Cacoxenite) different ochres Fe,[(OH) PO ila ’ 12H,0 Hrbek, Czechoslovakia CARNOTITE
	*Pearl, Richard M. (1964) Gems, Minerals, Crystals and Ores* - The Collector's Encyclopedia. The Odyssey Press, New York.**	Book
	mineral, and the asparagus-green color is common. Madagascar, source of many of the world's finest minerals... Ferromagnesian. Containing iron and magnesium. Olivine, (Fe,Mg)2 Si04, is a ferromagnesian mineral. Ferrous....ferrous iron mineral. Ferruginous. Containing iron, Fe. Fibrous. A mineral habit consisting of threadlike...chromite, hausmannite, chrysoberyl, columbite, tantalite. Although quartz is chemically an oxide (Si02)...another metal atom bonded equally to oxygen. Tantalite, formanite, and microlite are examples. Tarnish
	*Ritchie, Arthur S. (1964) Chromatography in Geology* Vol. 1 - Methods in Geochemistry and Geophysics. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/c2013-0-12276-3**	Book
	sorption of Fe ions by a cation exchanger was found to exceed the theoretical value. Some of the Fe ions...was sorbed to a greater extent than the trivalent Fe** ion (PERMUTIT Co., unknown date, p.11). Ion exchange...solutions as follows: As=: Sb: Biet: Cree, Fe’; hig Us Po?" Ag; Zn: Cotte Niet Coders...chromite, FeCr,O, rutile, TiO, cassiterite, SnO, tantalite, (Fe*,Mn)Ta,O, cerargyrite, AgCl sphene, CaTiSiO;...CaTiSiO; amblygonite, (Li,Na)AI(PO,)(F,OH) eskebornite, Fe Se, Cu Se V PEROXIDE FUSIONS Water soluble products
	*Börner, Rudolf (1962) Minerals, Rocks and Gemstones. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.*	Book
	ustria, witzerland, weden, f.S.A., :razil Lazulite (Fe··,Mg)Ah [OH jP04h Blowpipe: not fusible sometimes...Localities :::eylon, Burma, Siam, ~ueensland, Madagascar, llso recorded n Mull and t\rdnamurcban 17 Associated...granular; often radiating or finely granular Ca10(Mg,Fe)iA14 [(OH.i)l(SiO4)sl (Si2O1)2] resembles Euclase••... many surfaces (over 200 separate forms) Ca2(Al,Fe.. ·h [OHl(SiO4)3) Blowpipe: melts to brown magnetic...giving red solution Rhodonite (Manganese Spar) (Mn,Fe,Ca)[Si03] Blowpipe: fuses into black globules crystals
	*Cairncross, Bruce (2019) Minerals & Gemstones of East Africa* - Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. Penguin Random House.**	Book
	particularly Orogenic Belt - which runs from Madagascar through Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia and into the...exploiting pegmatites for their cassiterite, columbite-tantalite (coltan), gold, ferberite and gemstones. Gem-quality...were operated by Belgian owners. The columbite-tantalite deposits occur almost exclusively in pegmatites...copper, cobalt, tin, tungsten, coltan ( columbite-tantalite) and beryl, as well as industrial minerals such...calcium: Axinite-( Mg): Ca 2 MgAl 2 BSi4 0 Axinite-(Fe): Ca 2 Fe2 • Al 2 BSi4 0 Axinite-(Mn): Ca 2 Mn
	*Parker, Raymond Laurence, Fleischer, Michael (1968) Geochemistry of niobium and tantalum. Professional Paper* 612. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/pp612**	Report (issue)
	recovery of tantalum is chiefly from columbite-tantalite, microlite, or euxenite ores. Future advances...irinite. Biotite. Rutile, tapiolite. (Nb, (Nb, Ta)+5+(Fe, Al)«<-» 2(Nb, T Zr (Nb, 2(Nb, 2(Nb, (Nb," (Nb, ...Wolframite. (Nb, Sn 2(Nb, Cassiterite. AI, Si, Fe (Nb, Ta)«+2(Mn, (Nb, T Iron oxides. Pyroxenes,...to be mixtures of these minerals and columbite-tantalite (Grigor'ev and Dolomanova, 1951). Kuz'menko (1959)...niobium-tantalum minerals such as pyrochlore, columbite-tantalite, fergusonite, and euxenite. The abundance of niobium
	*Bauer, Jaroslav (1974) A Field Guide in Colour to Minerals, Rocks and Precious Stones. Octopus Books.*	Book
	pegmatites in Nor way & Madagascar HAMBER GITE Be.[(OH,F) BOJ Imalo, Madagascar less clear to good brittle...ore deps. siderite, magnesite, ankerite MESITITE (Fe,Mg)COa (Mcsitinc Spar) Traversella, Piedmont, Italy...garnet, epidote vesuvianite, hessonite HELVITE (Mn,Fe,Zn)g IS.(BeSiO IS(BeSiO4)0] Schwarzenberg, Orc Mountains...basaltic rocks & tuffs Biotite variety RUBELLAN K(Mg,Fe,Mn)a \|(OH,F). Al Si. Oio] Laacher See, Eifel, Germany...Al [(OH,F).Si4Olc>] (Lithium Mica) Maharitra, Madagascar perfect con choidal, brittle cubic, octahedral
	*Vanders, Iris, Kerr, Paul F. (1967) Mineral Recognition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.*	Book
	mica, topaz, tourmaline, amblygonite, columbite-tantalite, and spodumene frequently occur as large crystals...synthetic colorless quartz containing ferric iron (Fe 3 +) can be colored amethyst by irradiation with...saturated solution of potassium ferricyanide, K 3 Fe(CN) 6 , are placed on a glass surface and allowed... It is not possible for X x----f£ X X X X X ~---fE X X X X X X X X I I I I I Fig. 3-15. A repeating...magnetite (Fe3 O4 ) frequently alter to hematite (Fe 2 O3 ) but still retain their original octahedral

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Tantalite-(Fe) from Madagascar

Tantalite-(Fe) from
Madagascar