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Pareiasauria ✝

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	56750	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=56750

Rank

unranked clade (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Pareiasauria

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Parareptilia	Olson 1947
-	Procolophonomorpha
-	Procolophonia
-	Hallucicrania	Lee 1995
superfamily	Pareiasauroidea	Nopsca 1928
suborder	Pareiasauria

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Pareiasauria	suborder	belongs to Anomodontia	stated without evidence	Seeley, 1888
Pareiasauria	suborder	belongs to Theromorpha	stated with evidence	Zittel, 1890
Pareiasauria	suborder	belongs to Therosuchia	stated without evidence	Seeley, 1895
Pareiasauria	order	belongs to Theromorpha	stated with evidence	Gadow, 1898
Pareiasauria	order	subjective synonym of Cotylosauria	stated with evidence	Osborn, 1903
Pareiasauria	order	belongs to Cotylosauria	stated without evidence	Jaekel, 1911
Pareiasauria	suborder	belongs to Cotylosauria	stated with evidence	Case, 1911
Pareiasauria	suborder	belongs to Cotylosauria	stated without evidence	Broom, 1913
Pareiasauria	suborder	belongs to Diadecta	stated with evidence	Olson, 1947
Pareiasauria	infraorder	belongs to Diadectimorpha	stated without evidence	Haughton and Brink, 1954
Pareiasauria	order	belongs to Reptiliomorphoidea	stated without evidence	Huene, 1954
Pareiasauria	suborder	belongs to Parareptilia	stated without evidence	Olson, 1962
Pareiasauria	suborder	belongs to Anapsida	stated without evidence	Olson, 1966
Pareiasauria	suborder	belongs to Diadectomorpha	stated with evidence	Kuhn, 1966
Pareiasauria	suborder	belongs to Parareptilia	stated without evidence	Gauthier et al., 1988
Pareiasauria	suborder	belongs to Amniota	stated without evidence	Gauthier et al., 1989
Pareiasauria	unranked clade	belongs to Pareiasauroidea	stated with evidence	Lee, 1995
Pareiasauria	unranked clade	belongs to Procolophonia	stated with evidence	Laurin and Reisz, 1995
Pareiasauria	suborder	belongs to Reptilia	implied	Lee, 2000

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

272 - 260 Ma
Permian

Last Recorded Appearance

254 - 252 Ma
Permian

Environment

terrestrial (based on Amniota)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

herbivore (based on Pareiasauria)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

H. G. Seeley. 1888. Croonian Lecture: Researches on the Structure, Organization, and Classification of the Fossil Reptilia. II. On Pareiasaurus bombidens (Owen), and the Significance of Its Affinities to Amphibians, Reptiles, and Mammals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 179:59-109

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Bradysauridae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Elginiidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	10	265 Ma Permian	254 Ma Permian
Pareiasauridae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	32	272 Ma Permian	254 Ma Permian
Rhipaeosauridae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Anthodon ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	4	260 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Arganaceras ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	260 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Bradysaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	29	265 Ma Permian	265 Ma Permian
Bunostegos ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	254 Ma Permian	254 Ma Permian
Embrithosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	4	265 Ma Permian	265 Ma Permian
Nanoparia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	260 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Nochelesaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	6	265 Ma Permian	265 Ma Permian
Pachypes ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	3	260 Ma Permian	254 Ma Permian
Parasaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	7	260 Ma Permian	259 Ma Permian
Pareiasaurus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	17	265 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Pareiasuchus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	5	265 Ma Permian	259 Ma Permian
Pumiliopareia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	260 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Zhongjiania ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	3	260 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1876	Pareiasaurus bombidens Owen
1888	Pareiasauria Seeley p. 106
1890	Pareiosauria Zittel p. 449
1892	Pareiasaurus russouwi Seeley
1895	Pareiasauria Seeley
1898	Pareiosauri Gadow p. 18
1908	Pareiasaurus steenkampensis Seeley
1911	Pareiasauria Case p. 9
1911	Pareiasauri Jaekel p. 122
1913	Pareiasauria Broom
1913	Pareiasaurus acutirostris Broom
1913	Pareiasaurus bombidens Broom
1913	Pareiasaurus russouwi Broom
1924	Pareiasaurus strubeni Broom

Year	Name and Author
1929	Koalemasaurus Haughton and Boonstra
1929	Koalemasaurus acutirostris Haughton and Boonstra
1929	Nochelesaurus strubeni Haughton and Boonstra p. 83
1947	Pareiasauria Olson pp. 44, 45
1954	Pareiasauria Haughton and Brink p. 3
1954	Pareiasauria Huene p. 21
1962	Pareiasauria Olson
1966	Pareiasauria Kuhn p. 17
1966	Pareiasauria Olson p. 301
1988	Pareiasauria Gauthier et al. p. 139 fig. 4.4
1989	Pareiasauria Gauthier et al. p. 340
1995	Pareiasauria Laurin and Reisz p. 172
1995	Pareiasauria Lee pp. 508, 515 fig. 22
2000	Pareiasauria Lee p. 71

References

Seeley H. G. Croonian Lecture: Researches on the Structure, Organization, and Classification of the Fossil Reptilia. II. On Pareiasaurus bombidens (Owen), and the Significance of Its Affinities to Amphibians, Reptiles, and Mammals, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 179, 59-109 doi:10.1098/rstb.1888.0003

Zittel K. A. v. , Handbuch der Palaeontologie. I. Abteilung Paleozoologie. III. Band. Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves) [Handbook of Paleontology. Division I. Paleozoology. Volume III. Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves)], xii-900

Gadow H. , A Classification of Vertebrata Recent and Extinct, xvii-82

Case E. C. (1911) A revision of the Cotylosauria of North America, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 145, 1-121

Jaekel O. (1911) , Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die Fossilen und Lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An Overview of the Fossil and Living Forms], viii-252

Broom R. (1913) A revision of the reptiles of the Karroo, Annals of the South African Museum 7 6, 361-366

Haughton S. H., Boonstra L. D. (1929) Pareiasaurian studies. Part I. - An Attempt at a Classification of the Pareiasauria based on Skull Features, Annals of the South African Museum 28 1, 79-87

Olson E. C. (1947) The Family Diadectidae and its Bearing on the Classification of Reptiles, Fieldiana: Geology 11 1, 1-53

Haughton S. H., Brink A. S. (1954) A bibliographical list of Reptilia from the Karroo Beds of South Africa, Palaeontologia Africana 2, 1-187

Huene F. v. (1954) , Die Saurierwelt und ihre Geschichtlichen Zusammenhänge [The World of Reptiles and the History of Their Interrelationships]. 2nd, revised edition, 1-66

Olson E. C. (1962) Late Permian terrestrial vertebrates, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series 52 2, 1-224

Kuhn O. W. M. (1966) , Die Reptilien. System und Stammesgeschichte [The Reptiles. Systematics and Phylogeny.], 1-154

Olson E. C. (1966) Community evolution and the origin of mammals, Ecology 47 2, 291-302

Gauthier J. A., Kluge A. G., et al (1988) The early evolution of the Amniota, In M. J. Benton (ed.), The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds. Systematics Association Special Volume, Clarendon Press 35A, 103-155

Gauthier J. A., Cannatella D., et al (1989) Tetrapod phylogeny, In B. Fernholm, K. Bremer, & H. Jörnvall (eds.), The Hierarchy of Life. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam, 337-353

Laurin M., Reisz R. R. (1995) A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 113 2, 165-223

Lee M. S. Y. (1995) Historical Burden in Systematics and the Interrelationships of Parareptiles, Biological Reviews 70 3, 459-547

Lee M. S. Y. (2000) The Russian pareiasaurs, The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 71-85

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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