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Candidae

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Description

Candidae is a family of gymnolaematan bryozoans (sea mats).

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidae, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2107	https://www.gbif.org/species/2107
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	118667	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=118667

Rank

family

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Bryozoa : Gymnolaemata : Cheilostomatida : Candidae

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Bryozoa : Gymnolaemata : Cheilostomata : Candidae

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Spiralia
-	Polyzoa
phylum	Bryozoa	Ehrenberg 1831
class	Gymnolaemata	Allman 1856
order	Cheilostomata	Busk 1859
suborder	Neocheilostomina	d'Hondt 1985
infraorder	Flustrina	Smitt 1868
superfamily	Buguloidea	Gray 1848
family	Candidae	D'Orbigny 1851

Scientific Name

Candidae

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Candidae	family	belongs to Cheilostomatida	stated without evidence	Lee et al., 1997
Candidae	family	belongs to Buguloidea	stated without evidence	Schmidt, 2003
Candidae	family	belongs to Buguloidea	stated with evidence	Berning, 2006
Candidae	family	belongs to Cheilostomata	stated with evidence	Bock, 2006
Candidae	family	belongs to Buguloidea	stated with evidence	Di Martino and Taylor, 2014

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

7 (58%)

First Recorded Appearance

41.3 - 38.0 Ma
Eocene

Motility

stationary, attached (based on Cheilostomata)

Vision

blind (based on Gymnolaemata)

Diet

suspension feeder (based on Cheilostomata)

Reproduction

oviparous, brooding (based on Cheilostomata)

Ecospace Comments

mean weight-% MgCO3=4.9 based on 22 specimens

Taphonomy

intermediate Mg calcite

Primary Reference (PBDB)

P. Bock. 2006. http://bryozoa.net.

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidae

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Amastigia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	38.0 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Aquiloniella genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Aspiscellaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Bactrellaria ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Bathycellaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Bobinella genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Bugulicellaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Caberea genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		19	38.0 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Cabereopsis genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Canda genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		12	38.0 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Candomenipea genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Candoscrupocellaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cradoscrupocellaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Craspedozoum genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	16.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Diplobicellariella genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Emma genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	38.0 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Eupaxia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hoplitella genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Licornia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Maplestonia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Menipea genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	38.0 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Monartron genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Notoplites genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Notoplitesigia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Paralicornia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Penemia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pomocellaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pseudoporicellaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Scrupocaberea genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Scrupocellaria genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		38	41.3 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Scrupocellarinella genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Semibugula genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sinocellaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Tricellaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Scrupocellariidae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Bryozoa : Gymnolaemata : Cheilostomatida : Scrupocellariidae
Cabereidae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Bryozoa : Gymnolaemata : Cheilostomatida : Cabereidae

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1851	Candidae D'Orbigny
1997	Candidae Lee et al.
2003	Candidae Schmidt
2006	Candidae Berning p. 32
2006	Candidae Bock
2014	Candidae Di Martino and Taylor

References

Bock P. (2006) http://bryozoa.net

Lee D. E., Scholz J., et al (1997) Paleoecology of a Late Eocene Mobile Rockground Biota from North Otago, New Zealand, Palaios 12 6, 568-581 doi:10.2307/3515412

Schmidt R. (2003) Eocene bryozoa of the St. Vincent Basin, south Australia – taxonomy, biogeography and palaeoenvironments, 1-343

Berning B. (2006) The cheilostome bryozoan fauna from the Late Miocene of Niebla (Guadalquivir Basin, SW Spain): environmental and biogeographic implications, Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institut der Universität Hamburg 90, 7-156

Di Martino E., Taylor P. D. (2014) Miocene Bryozoa from East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Part I: Cyclostomata and 'Anascan' Cheilostomata, Scripta Geologica 146, 17-126

Hayward, P.J.; Ryland, J.S. (1999). Cheilostomatous Bryozoa: part 2 Hippothooidea - Celleporoidea: notes for the identification of British species. 2nd ed.. Synopses of the British fauna (new series), 14. Field Studies Council: Shrewsbury, UK. ISBN 1-85153-263-3. vii, 416 pp. - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Aphia2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

WoRMS (Mar 2013) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Bock, P. (2000-current). The Bryozoa Home Page. Available online at http://www.bryozoa.net/ (consulted Dec 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Hayward, P.J. (2001). Bryozoa, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 325-333 - via World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRiMS)

Gärdenfors, Ulf, Hall, Ragnar, Hallingbäck, Tomas, Hansson, Hans G. & Hedström, Lars (2003) Djur, svampar och växter i Sverige 2003. Förteckning över antal arter per familj. ArtDatabanken Rapporterar 5, ArtDatabanken, Uppsala. (reviderad excelfil med svenska djurfamiljer). - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

WoRMS (2016) Accessed through World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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