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Cucullaea

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Description

The false ark shells (Cucullaea) are a small genus of marine bivalve molluscs related to the ark clams. The genus is the only member of the family Cucullaeidae.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucullaea, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2286188	https://www.gbif.org/species/2286188
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	16224	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=16224

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Cucullaeidae : Cucullaea

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Cucullaeidae : Cucullaea

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca	Linnaeus 1758
class	Bivalvia	Linnaeus 1758
-	Eubivalvia	Carter 2011
subclass	Autobranchia
infraclass	Pteriomorphia
-	Ostreomorphi	Ferussac 1822
-	Arcioni	Gray 1854
order	Arcida
superfamily	Arcoidea
family	Cucullaeidae	Stewart 1930
genus	Cucullaea	Lamarck 1801

Scientific Name

Cucullaea Lamarck, 1801

Name Published In

Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de. 1801. Systéme des animaux sans vertèbres. Deterville, Paris.: i-viii; 1-432; pls. 1-6.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Cucullaea	genus	belongs to Bivalvia	stated with evidence	Laube, 1865
Cucullaea	subgenus	belongs to Macrodon	stated without evidence	Broili, 1904
Cucullaea	genus	belongs to Parallelodontidae	stated without evidence	Packard, 1922
Cucullaea	subgenus	belongs to Arca	stated with evidence	Pannekoek, 1936
Cucullaea	genus	belongs to Cucullaeidae	stated with evidence	Eames, 1951
Cucullaea	genus	belongs to Cucullaeidae	stated without evidence	Tashiro and Kozai, 1982
Cucullaea	genus	belongs to Cucullaeidae	stated with evidence	Tashiro, 1988
Cucullaea	genus	belongs to Cucullaeidae	stated without evidence	Maxwell, 1992
Cucullaea	genus	belongs to Cucullaeidae	implied	Lamprell and Healy, 1998
Cucullaea	genus	belongs to Cucullaeidae	stated without evidence	Stilwell, 1998
Cucullaea	genus	belongs to Cucullaeidae	stated with evidence	Frassinetti and Covacevich, 1999
Cucullaea	genus	belongs to Arcoida	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Cucullaea	genus	belongs to Cucullaeidae	stated with evidence	Stilwell et al., 2004
Cucullaea	genus	belongs to Cucullaeidae	stated without evidence	El Qot, 2006
Cucullaea	genus	belongs to Cucullaeidae	stated with evidence	Beu et al., 2012
Cucullaea	genus	belongs to Cucullaeidae	stated without evidence	Ros-Franch et al., 2014

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

6 (7.7%)

First Recorded Appearance

365 - 361 Ma
Late/Upper Devonian

Motility

facultatively mobile

Vision

limited (based on Cucullaeidae)

Diet

suspension feeder

Taphonomy

aragonite (based on Arcida)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. J. Sepkoski, Jr. 2002. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 363:1-560

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucullaea

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Cucullaea (Cucullastis) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)		21	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Cucullaea (Cucullona) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)		3	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Cucullaea (Idonearca) subgenus	listed (PBDB)		332	201 Ma Early Jurassic	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Cucullaea (Latiarca) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)		8	47.8 Ma Eocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Arca (Cucullaea) intermedia ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		4	197 Ma Early Jurassic	190 Ma Early Jurassic
Arca aspasia species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Arca equidens ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Arca harttii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Arca rugosa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Arca subglabra species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea abbreviata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea adelaidensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	47.8 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Cucullaea alta ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		19	55.8 Ma Eocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Cucullaea alternicosta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea andersoni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea attenuata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea auriculifera species	listed (PBDB)		1	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Cucullaea australis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea barbara species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea benniworthensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea brilli species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea castilloi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea catorcensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea chilensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	23.0 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Cucullaea cordata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea cordiformis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cucullaea corioensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		14	28.4 Ma Oligocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Cucullaea couffoni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea crassatina ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		5	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	59.2 Ma Paleocene
Cucullaea ellioti ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		17	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Cucullaea elongata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea erda ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Cucullaea farsensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Cucullaea freia ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Cucullaea fueguensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea gabbi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cucullaea gadjica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea gigantea ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		25	59.2 Ma Paleocene	58.7 Ma Paleocene
Cucullaea gracilis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea granulosa species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	3.60 Ma Pliocene	0 Ma Extant
Cucullaea haguei species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea hamptoni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea harttii ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	59.2 Ma Paleocene	59.2 Ma Paleocene
Cucullaea inarata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea increbescens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea inermis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea isolda ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Cucullaea kaufmanensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea labiata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea labiata species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Cucullaea laubei ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	242 Ma Middle Triassic	242 Ma Middle Triassic
Cucullaea lirata ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cucullaea littlei species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		26	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Cucullaea macerata species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cucullaea marshalli ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		9	55.8 Ma Eocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Cucullaea mathewsonii ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		26	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	48.6 Ma Eocene
Cucullaea minchinhamptonensis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	174 Ma Middle Jurassic	168 Ma Middle Jurassic
Cucullaea minor species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea monodi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cucullaea morani ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Cucullaea multicostata ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cucullaea nipponica ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	41.3 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Cucullaea obliqua ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	174 Ma Middle Jurassic	172 Ma Middle Jurassic
Cucullaea pachygastris ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Cucullaea pamotanensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	16.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Cucullaea patagonensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	33.9 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Cucullaea pectunculina species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea perijana ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cucullaea petita species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea ponderosa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea ponderosa ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	16.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Cucullaea raea species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea reesideana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea rockymontana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea roehrli species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea seisiana ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	242 Ma Middle Triassic	242 Ma Middle Triassic
Cucullaea sellardsi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea shumardi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea simondsi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea sindangbaranensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Cucullaea singularis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea solenensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea striatiumbonata ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	145 Ma Late Jurassic	145 Ma Late Jurassic
Cucullaea subglabra ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		3	86.3 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Cucullaea taiwanensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea terminalis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea texticostata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea transpecosensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea transversa ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	58.7 Ma Paleocene	58.7 Ma Paleocene
Cucullaea transversa species	listed (PBDB)		4	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	112 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Cucullaea truncata ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	89.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Cucullaea tschapitana ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	242 Ma Middle Triassic	242 Ma Middle Triassic
Cucullaea vaga species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea wadei species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea waihaoensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullaea worthingtoni ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	28.4 Ma Oligocene	21.7 Ma Miocene
Cucullaea youngi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Cucullaea zealandica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cucullea auingeri species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Cucullea polyglypha species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	235 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	0 Ma Extant
Cucullea rugosa ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	235 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	235 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Idonearca deatsvillensis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Idonearca kingsensis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Idonearca murrayi species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Idonearca powersi species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Cuccullaea Tenison-Woods, 1876	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Cucullaeidae : *Cuccullaea*
Cucullana Lichtenstein, 1818	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Cucullaeidae : *Cucullana*
Archaeodon Crickmay, 1930	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Cucullaeidae : *Archaeodon*
Cuculina Rafinesque, 1815	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Cucullaeidae : *Cuculina*
Cucullia Beck, 1847	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Cucullaeidae : *Cucullia*
Ashcroftia Crickmay, 1930	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Cucullaeidae : *Ashcroftia*
Cucullastis Finlay & Marwick, 1937	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Cucullaeidae : *Cucullastis*
Cuculaea Conrad, 1830	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Cucullaeidae : *Cuculaea*
Cucullaae White, 1887	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Cucullaeidae : *Cucullaae*
Cucullea Rafinesque, 1815	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Cucullaeidae : *Cucullea*
Cuculloea Meek & Worthen, 1860	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Cucullaeidae : *Cuculloea*
Latiarca Conrad, 1862	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Cucullaeidae : *Latiarca*
Cuculea Djanélidzé, 1933	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Arcida : Cucullaeidae : *Cuculea*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1801	Cucullaea Lamarck
1865	Cucullea Laube p. 60
1904	Macrodon (Cucullaea) Broili
1922	Cucullaea Packard p. 416
1928	Cucullaea Nagao p. 25
1936	Arca (Cucullaea) Pannekoek p. 65
1951	Cucullaea Eames p. 334
1960	Cucullaea Marwick p. 12
1978	Cucullaea Malumian et al. p. 274
1980	Cucullaea Vokes p. 17
1982	Cucullaea Tashiro and Kozai p. 72
1985	Cucullaea Erdmann and Morra p. 291

Year	Name and Author
1988	Cucullaea Tashiro p. 286
1992	Cucullaea Maxwell p. 61
1994	Cucullaea Skwarko p. e3
1998	Cucullaea Lamprell and Healy p. 62
1998	Cucullaea Stilwell p. 33
1999	Cucullaea Frassinetti and Covacevich p. 18
2002	Cucullaea Sepkoski, Jr.
2004	Cucullaea Stilwell et al. p. 20
2006	Cucullaea El Qot p. 24
2010	Cucullaea Bouchet et al.
2012	Cucullaea Beu et al. p. 24
2014	Cucullaea Ros-Franch et al.

References

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Laube G. C. , Die Fauna der Schichten von St. Cassian: Ein Beitrag zur Paläontologie der Alpinen Trias. II. Abtheilung. Brachiopoden und Bivalven, 1-76

Broili F. (1904) Die Fauna Pachycardientuffe der Seiser Alp (mit Ausschluss der Gastropoden und Cephalopoden), Palaeontographica 50, 145-227

Packard E. L. (1922) New species from the Cretaceous of the Santa Ana Mountains, California, University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences 13 10, 413-462

Nagao T. (1928) Palaeogene fossils of the Island of Kyushu, Japan Part II, Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University 12 1, 11-140

Eames F. E. (1951) A Contribution to the study of the Eocene in Western Pakistan and Western India: B. Description of the Lamellibranchia from standard sections in the Rakni Nala and Zinda Pir areas of the Western Punjab and in the Kohat District, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 235, 311-482

Marwick J. (1960) Early Tertiary Mollusca from Otaio Gorge, South Canterbury, New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin 33

Malumian N., Camacho H. H., et al (1978) Molluscos del Terciario Inferior ("Magallanense") de la Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego (Republica Argentina), Ameghiniana 15 3-4, 265-284

Vokes H. E. (1980) Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue, Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue

Tashiro M., Kozai T. (1982) Part V. Bivalve fossils from the Upper Cretaceous of the Monobe area, Shikoku, Palaeontological Society of Japan Special Papers 25, 69-92

Erdmann S., Morra G. (1985) Nuevos moluscos de la formacion San Julian Provincia de Santa Cruz, Ameghiniana 22 3-4, 289-295

Tashiro M. (1988) Cenomanian bivalve fauna of the Akaishi Mountains, central Japan, Saito Ho-on Kai Special Publication 1, 285-295

Maxwell P. A. (1992) Eocene Mollusca from the vicinity of McCulloch's Bridge, Waihao River, South Canterbury, New Zealand: Paleoecology and systematics, New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin 65, 1-280

Skwarko S. K. (1994) , Mollusca in Indonesian Cenozoic biostratigraphy (a computerised compilation)

Lamprell K., Healy J. (1998) , Bivalves of Australia 2

Stilwell J. D. (1998) Late Cretaceous Mollusca from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand, Alcheringa 2, 29-85

Frassinetti D., Covacevich V. (1999) Invertibrados fósiles marinos de la Formación Guadal (Oligoceno superio-Mioceno inferior) en Pampa, Castillo region, región de Aisén, Chile, Servico Nacional de Geologia y Mineria Chile Boletin 51, 1-96

Stilwell J. D., Zinsmeister W. J., et al (2004) Early Paleocene Mollusks of Antarctica: Systematics, Paleoecology and Paleobiogeographic Significance, Bulletins of American Paleontology 367

El Qot G. M. (2006) Late Cretaceous macrofossils from Sinai, Egypt, Beringeria 36, 3-163

Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P., et al (2010) Nomenclator of Bivalve Families with a Classification of Bivalve Families, Malacologia 52 2, 1-184 doi:10.4002/040.052.0201

Beu A. G., Nolden S., et al (2012) Revision of New Zealand Cenozoic fossil Mollusca described by Zittel (1865) based on Hochstetter's collections from the Novara Expedition, Memoir of the Association of Australian Paleontologists 43, 1-69

Ros-Franch S., Márquez-Aliaga A., et al (2014) Comprehensive database on Induan (Lower Triassic) to Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) marine bivalve genera and their paleobiogeographic record, Paleontological Contributions 8, 1-219

CoL2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Sepkoski, J. J., Jr. (2002). A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363, 1-560. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

WoRMS (Mar 2013) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Syst. Anim. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/Boss, 1982 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Lamarck, J. B. (1801). Système des animaux sans vertèbres, ou tableau général des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux; Présentant leurs caractères essentiels et leur distribution, d'apres la considération de leurs rapports naturels et de leur organisation, et suivant l'arrangement établi dans les galeries du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, parmi leurs dépouilles conservées; Précédé du discours d'ouverture du Cours de Zoologie, donné dans le Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle l'an 8 de la République. Published by the author and Deterville, Paris: viii + 432 pp. - via World Register of Marine Species

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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