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Hexaprotodon ✝

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Description

Hexaprotodon is a genus of Hippopotamidae that is sometimes applied to the pygmy hippopotamus. Pygmy hippos may be classified as either Choeropsis liberiensis or Hexaprotodon liberiensis. The name Hexaprotodon means "six front teeth" as some of the fossil forms have three pairs of incisors.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexaprotodon, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2441248	https://www.gbif.org/species/2441248
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	42480	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42480

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : Hexaprotodon

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : Hexaprotodon

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
order	Ungulata
order	Artiodactyla	Owen 1848
-	Cetancodonta	Arnason et al. 2000
superfamily	Hippopotamoidea	Gray 1821
family	Hippopotamidae	Gray 1821
subfamily	Hippopotaminae	Gray 1821
genus	Hexaprotodon	Falconer & Cautley 1836

Common Name

pygmy hippo

Scientific Name

Hexaprotodon Falconer & Cautley, 1836

Name Published In

Asia. Res. Calcutta vol.19 p.51

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Hexaprotodon	subgenus	belongs to Hippopotamus	stated without evidence	Falconer and Cautley, 1836
Hexaprotodon	genus	belongs to Hippopotamidae	stated without evidence	Coryndon, 1977
Hexaprotodon	genus	belongs to Hippopotamidae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Hexaprotodon	genus	belongs to Hippopotaminae	stated without evidence	McKenna and Bell, 1997
Hexaprotodon	genus	belongs to Hippopotamidae	stated without evidence	Thewissen et al., 2001
Hexaprotodon	genus	belongs to Hippopotaminae	stated without evidence	Boisserie et al., 2003
Hexaprotodon	genus	belongs to Hippopotamidae	stated without evidence	Boisserie, 2005
Hexaprotodon	genus	belongs to Hippopotaminae	stated with evidence	Boisserie et al., 2005
Hexaprotodon	genus	belongs to Hippopotamidae	stated without evidence	Agnarsson and May-Collado, 2008
Hexaprotodon	genus	belongs to Hippopotaminae	stated with evidence	Boisserie et al., 2010
Hexaprotodon	genus	belongs to Hippopotaminae	stated without evidence	Weston and Boisserie, 2010
Hexaprotodon	genus	belongs to Hippopotamidae	stated without evidence	Siddiq et al., 2016

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

23.0 - 7.2 Ma
Miocene

Last Recorded Appearance

0.13 Ma
Pleistocene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Artiodactyla)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

grazer, browser (based on Hippopotamidae)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

H. Falconer and P. T. Cautley. 1836. Notes on the fossil hippopotamus of the sivalik hills. Asiatic Researches 19:39-53

Common Name(s)

Pygmy Hippopotamuses, Pygmy Hippo

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexaprotodon

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Hexaprotodon bruneti ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	3.60 Ma Pliocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Hexaprotodon coryndoni ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	3.60 Ma Pliocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Hexaprotodon crusafonti ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Hexaprotodon dissimilis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Hexaprotodon dulu ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Hexaprotodon garyam ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	7.25 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Hexaprotodon imaguncula ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		17	23.0 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Hexaprotodon iravticus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Hexaprotodon liberiensis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.01 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Hexaprotodon madagascariensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hexaprotodon mingoz ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	11.6 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Hexaprotodon namadicus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Hexaprotodon palaeindicus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Hexaprotodon primaevus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Hexaprotodon sahabiensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	7.25 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Hexaprotodon shungurensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Hexaprotodon sivalensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		9	5.33 Ma Miocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Hippopotamus hipponensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Hippopotamus imagunculus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hippopotamus pantanellii ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Hippopotamus siculus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Choeropotamus Beddard, 1895	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : *Choeropotamus*
Diproctodon Gray, 1869	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : *Diproctodon*
Diprotodon Duvernoy, 1849	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : *Diprotodon*
Ditomeodon Gervais, 1869	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : *Ditomeodon*
Choerodes Leidy, 1852	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : *Choerodes*
Chaeropsis Gervais, 1867-69	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Hippopotamidae : *Chaeropsis*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1836	Hexaprotodon Falconer and Cautley p. 51
1836	Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon) Falconer and Cautley p. 51
1977	Hexaprotodon Coryndon p. 73
1987	Hexaprotodon Gaziry p. 309
1988	Hexaprotodon Carroll
1997	Hexaprotodon McKenna and Bell p. 399
2000	Hexaprotodon Weston p. 177
2001	Hexaprotodon Thewissen et al. p. suppl.
2003	Hexaprotodon Boisserie et al. p. 16

Year	Name and Author
2005	Hexaprotodon Boisserie p. 18
2005	Hexaprotodon Boisserie et al.
2008	Hexaprotodon Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 981 figs. Fig. 5
2010	Hexaprotodon Boisserie et al. p. 328
2010	Hexaprotodon Orliac et al. p. 11873 figs. Fig. 2
2010	Hexaprotodon Weston and Boisserie p. 857
2011	Hexaprotodon Boisserie et al. p. 620 figs. Table 1
2016	Hexaprotodon Siddiq et al. p. 2581

References

Falconer H., Cautley P. T. Notes on the fossil hippopotamus of the sivalik hills, Asiatic Researches 19, 39-53

Coryndon S. C. (1977) The taxonomy and nomenclature of the Hippopotamidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) and a description of two new fossil species II. A description of two new species of Hexaprotodon, Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen 80 2, 72-88

Gaziry A. W. (1987) Hexaprotodon sahabiensis (Artiodactyla, Mammalia); A new hippopotamus from Libya, Neogene Paleontology and Geology of Sahabi, 303-315

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

McKenna M. C., Bell S. K. (1997) , Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level, 1-640

Weston E. M. (2000) A new species of hippopotamus Hexaptrotodon lothagamensis (Mammalia: Hippopotamidae) from the late Miocene of Kenya, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 1, 177-185

Thewissen J. G. M, Williams E. M., et al (2001) Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls, Nature 413, 277-281

Boisserie J.-R., Brunet M., et al (2003) Hippopotamids from the Djurab Pliocene faunas, Chad, Central Africa, Journal of African Earth Sciences 36, 15-27

Boisserie J.-R. (2005) The phylogeny and taxonomy of Hippopotamidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): a review based on morphology and cladistic analysis, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143, 1-26

Boisserie J.-R., Lihoreau F., et al (2005) The position of Hippopotamidae within Cetartiodactyla, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 5, 1537-1541

Agnarsson I., May-Collado L. J. (2008) The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: The importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48, 964-985

Boisserie J.-R., Lihoreau F., et al (2010) Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the earliest known hippopotamids (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamidae, Kenyapotaminae), Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society 158, 325-266

Orliac M., Boisserie J.-R., et al (2010) Early Miocene hippopotamids (Cetartiodactyla) constrain the phylogenetic and spatiotemporal settings of hippopotamid origin, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 107 26, 11871-11876

Weston E., Boisserie J.-R. (2010) Hippopotamidae, Cenozoic Mammals of Africa, 853-871

Siddiq M. K., Khan M. A., et al (2016) Some new remains of Hexaprotodon (Mammalia, Hippopotamidae) from the Pinjor Formation of Sardhok, Pakistan, Science International 28 3, 2581-2584

Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 2005: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2. 2142. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 1992: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. xviii + 1207. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole, 2000: null. Common Names of Mammals of the World. xiv + 204. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Asiat. Researches, 19 (1) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (editors). (2005). Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd Ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 2,142 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997, PaleoDB - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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