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Procolophonidae ✝

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Description

Procolophonidae is an extinct family of parareptiles from the Permian and Triassic periods.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procolophonidae, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	3238968	https://www.gbif.org/species/3238968
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	37522	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=37522

Rank

family

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Procolophonidae

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Parareptilia	Olson 1947
-	Procolophonomorpha
-	Procolophonia
superfamily	Procolophonoidea	Romer 1956
family	Procolophonidae	Lydekker 1889

Scientific Name

Procolophonidae

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Procolophonidae	family	belongs to Diadectomorpha	stated with evidence	Kuhn, 1946
Procolophonidae	family	belongs to Diadectomorpha	stated without evidence	Colbert, 1946
Procolophonidae	family	belongs to Diadectomorpha	implied	Price, 1947
Procolophonidae	family	belongs to Procolophonia	stated without evidence	Haughton and Brink, 1954
Procolophonidae	family	belongs to Procolophonomorpha	stated with evidence	Romer, 1964
Procolophonidae	family	belongs to Procolophonia	stated with evidence	Kuhn, 1966
Procolophonidae	family	belongs to Procolophonomorpha	stated with evidence	Kuhn, 1971
Procolophonidae	family	belongs to Procolophonia	implied	Colbert and Kitching, 1975
Procolophonidae	family	belongs to Cotylosauria	implied	Gow, 1977
Procolophonidae	family	belongs to Procolophonoidea	implied	Lavina, 1983
Procolophonidae	family	belongs to Procolophonoidea	stated with evidence	Lee, 1995
Procolophonidae	family	belongs to Testudinomorpha	stated with evidence	Laurin and Reisz, 1995
Procolophonidae	family	belongs to Procolophonoidea	stated with evidence	Lee, 1997
Procolophonidae	family	belongs to Parareptilia	implied	Gow, 2000
Procolophonidae	family	belongs to Procolophonoidea	stated with evidence	Spencer and Benton, 2000
Procolophonidae	family	belongs to Procolophonia	implied	Modesto and Damiani, 2003
Procolophonidae	family	belongs to Procolophonoidea	stated with evidence	Modesto and Damiani, 2007
Procolophonidae	family	belongs to Procolophonia	implied	Ivakhnenko, 2008
Procolophonidae	family	belongs to Procolophonoidea	stated with evidence	Cisneros, 2008

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

265 - 252 Ma
Permian

Last Recorded Appearance

209 - 201 Ma
Mesozoic

Environment

terrestrial (based on Amniota)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

R. Lydekker. 1889. Part III - Palaeozoology. Vertebrata. In H. A. Nicholson and R. Lydekker (eds.), Manual of palaeontology for the use of students with a general introduction on the principles of palaeontology. Volume II. 3rd edn. William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procolophonidae

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Leptopleuroninae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)		31	252 Ma Permian	209 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Procolophoninae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)		35	252 Ma Permian	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Acadiella ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	237 Ma Middle Triassic	237 Ma Middle Triassic
Anomoiodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Basileosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Coletta ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	251 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	251 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Colognathus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Contritosaurus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Estheriophagus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Eumetabolodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	252 Ma Permian	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Gomphiosauridion ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	237 Ma Middle Triassic	237 Ma Middle Triassic
Haligonia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	237 Ma Middle Triassic	209 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Hypsognathus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	237 Ma Middle Triassic	209 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Kapes ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		9	251 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Kinelia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	269 Ma Permian	265 Ma Permian
Kitchingnathus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	251 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	251 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Koiloskiosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Lasasaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	252 Ma Permian	252 Ma Permian
Leptopleuron ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	237 Ma Middle Triassic	237 Ma Middle Triassic
Libognathus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	228 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	228 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Mandaphon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Myocephalus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Myognathus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Neoprocolophon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Orenburgia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	251 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	251 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Pentaedrusaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	251 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	251 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Phaanthosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	252 Ma Permian	252 Ma Permian
Phonodus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	252 Ma Permian	252 Ma Permian
Procolina ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	251 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	251 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Procolophon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		23	252 Ma Permian	251 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Procolophonoides ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Santaisaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	252 Ma Permian	252 Ma Permian
Sauropareion ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	252 Ma Permian	252 Ma Permian
Sclerosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Scoloparia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	237 Ma Middle Triassic	237 Ma Middle Triassic
Soturnia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	228 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	228 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Spondylolestes ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	260 Ma Permian	260 Ma Permian
Suchonosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	265 Ma Permian	265 Ma Permian
Teratophon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Theledectes ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Thelephon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Thelerpeton ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Tichvinskia ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	251 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	251 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Timanophon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	251 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	251 Ma Early/Lower Triassic
Vitalia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Gomphosauridion baileyae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Thelegnathus browni Broom, 1905	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : *Thelegnathus browni*
Paoteodon huanghoensis Chow & Sun, 1960	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : *Paoteodon huanghoensis*
Spondylolestidae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Spondylolestidae
Sclerosauridae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Sclerosauridae

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1889	Procolophonidae Lydekker p. 1065
1905	Thelegnathus Broom p. 274
1905	Thelegnathus browni Broom p. 274
1913	Thelegnathus Broom
1913	Thelegnathus browni Broom
1939	Thelegnathus Huene p. 508
1939	Thelegnathus browni Huene p. 508
1946	Procolophonidae Colbert p. 237
1946	Thelegnathus Colbert p. 259
1946	Thelegnathus browni Colbert p. 259
1946	Procolophonidae Kuhn p. 55
1947	Procolophonidae Price pp. 10, 19
1954	Procolophonidae Haughton and Brink p. 3
1960	Paoteodon Chow and Sun p. 12
1960	Paoteodon huanghoensis Chow and Sun p. 12 figs. 1, 2
1964	Procolophonidae Romer p. 719
1966	Procolophonidae Kuhn p. 17
1971	Procolophonidae Kuhn p. 9
1975	Procolophonidae Colbert and Kitching p. 3
1977	Procolophonidae Gow p. 110
1977	Thelegnathus Gow p. 110
1977	Thelegnathus browni Gow p. 110 fig. 1

Year	Name and Author
1979	Spondylolestinae Ivakhnenko
1983	Spondylolestinae Ivakhnenko p. 131
1983	Procolophonidae Lavina p. 53
1988	Paoteodon Carroll
1988	Procolophonidae Carroll
1988	Thelegnathus Carroll
1995	Procolophonidae Laurin and Reisz p. 172
1995	Procolophonidae Lee pp. 508, 511 fig. 22
1997	Procolophonidae Lee pp. 256, 260 fig. 22
2000	Procolophonidae Gow p. 21
2000	Procolophonidae Spencer and Benton p. 161
2000	Spondylolestinae Spencer and Benton p. 161
2002	Procolophonidae Modesto et al. p. 891 fig. 4
2002	Thelegnathus Modesto et al. p. 891 fig. 4
2003	Procolophonidae Modesto and Damiani p. 54
2007	Procolophonidae Modesto and Damiani p. 338
2008	Procolophonidae Cisneros p. 14
2008	Spondylolestidae Ivakhnenko p. 51
2008	Procolophonidae Ivakhnenko p. 54
2008	Procolophonidae Sues and Reisz p. 1032
2008	Procolophonidae Säilä p. 1202 fig. 4

References

Lydekker R. Part III - Palaeozoology. Vertebrata, Manual of palaeontology for the use of students with a general introduction on the principles of palaeontology. Volume II. 3rd edn. William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London, 600 p.

Broom R. (1905) Preliminary notice of some new fossil Reptiles collected by Mr. Alfred Brown at Aliwal North, S. Africa, Records of the Albany Museum 1 4, 269-275

Broom R. (1913) A revision of the reptiles of the Karroo, Annals of the South African Museum 7 6, 361-366

Huene F. v. (1939) Ein neuer Procolophonide aus dem deutschen Buntsandstein, Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Beilagen-Band, Abteilung B 81, 501-511

Colbert E. H. (1946) Hypsognathus, a Triassic Reptile from New Jersey, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 86, 229-274

Kuhn O. (1946) Das System der fossilen und rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien [The system of fossil and recent amphibians and reptiles], Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bamberg 29, 49-67

Price L. I. (1947) Um Procolofonideo do Tríassico do Rio Grande do Sul, Divisão de Geologia e Mineralogia, Boletim 122, 26 p.

Haughton S. H., Brink A. S. (1954) A bibliographical list of Reptilia from the Karroo Beds of South Africa, Palaeontologia Africana 2, 1-187

Chow M., Sun A.-l. (1960) A new procolophonid from north-western Shansi, Vertebrata PalAsiatica 4 1, 11-13

Kuhn O. W. M. (1966) , Die Reptilien. System und Stammesgeschichte [The Reptiles. Systematics and Phylogeny.], 1-154

Kuhn O. (1971) , Die Saurier der deutschen Trias [Reptiles of the German Triassic], 1-105

Colbert E. H., Kitching J. W. (1975) The Triassic Reptile Procolophon in Antarctica, American Museum Novitates 2566, 1-23

Gow C. E. (1977) New Procolophonids from the Triassic Cynognathus Zone of South Africa, Annals of the South African Museum 72 6, 109-124

Ivakhnenko M. F. (1983) Novye Prokolofony Vostochnoi Evropy [New Procolophonians from Eastern Europe], Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1983 2, 130-133

Lavina E. L. (1983) Procolophon pricei sp. n., um novo réptil procolofonídeo do Triássico do Rio Grande do Sul, Iheringia, Série Geologia 9, 51-78

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Laurin M., Reisz R. R. (1995) A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 113 2, 165-223

Lee M. S. Y. (1995) Historical Burden in Systematics and the Interrelationships of Parareptiles, Biological Reviews 70 3, 459-547

Lee M. S. Y. (1997) Pareisaur phylogeny and the origin of turtles, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 120 3, 197-280

Gow C. E. (2000) A New Procolophonid (Parareptilia) from the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone, Beaufort Group, South Africa, Palaeontologia Africana 36, 21-23

Spencer P. S., Benton M. J. (2000) Procolophonids from the Permo-Triassic of Russia, The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 160-176

Modesto S.P., Damiani R. J., et al (2002) A reappraisal of Coletta seca, a basal procolophonoid reptile from the Lower Triassic of South Africa, Palaeontology 45 5, 883-895

Modesto S.P., Damiani R. J. (2003) Taxonomic status of Thelegnathus browni Broom, a procolophonid reptile from the South African Triassic, Annals of Carnegie Museum 72 1, 53-64

Modesto S. P., Damiani R. (2007) The Procolophonoid Reptile Sauropareion anoplus from the Lowermost Triassic of South Africa, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 2, 337-349

Cisneros J. C. (2008) Taxonomic status of the reptile genus Procolophon from the Gondwanan Triassic, Palaeontologia Africana 43, 7-17

Ivakhnenko M. F. (2008) Podklass Parareptilia, Iskopaemye pozvonotchnye Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran: Iskopaemye reptilii i ptitsy, Tchast' 1 [Fossil vertebrates of Russia and adjacent countries: Fossil reptiles and birds, Part 1], GEOS, Moscow, 49-85

Sues H.-D., Reisz R. R. (2008) Anatomy and Phylogenetic Relationships of Sclerosaurus armatus (Amniota: Parareptilia) from the Buntsandstein (Triassic) of Europe, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 4, 1031-1042

Säilä L. K. (2008) The Osteology and Affinities of Anomoiodon liliensterni, a Procolophonid Reptile from the Lower Triassic Buntsandstein of Germany, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 4, 1199-1205

Benton, M.J. (ed). (1993). The Fossil Record 2. Chapman & Hall, London, 845 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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