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Unionidae

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Description

The Unionidae are a family of freshwater mussels, the largest in the order Unionida, the bivalve molluscs sometimes known as river mussels, or simply as unionids.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionidae, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	3461	https://www.gbif.org/species/3461
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	62728	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=62728

Rank

family

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Unionidae

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Unionidae

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca	Linnaeus 1758
class	Bivalvia	Linnaeus 1758
-	Eubivalvia	Carter 2011
subclass	Autobranchia
infraclass	Heteroconchia
-	Uniomorphi	Gray 1854
-	Unioni	Gray 1854
-	Unionata	Gray 1854
order	Unionida
suborder	Unionidina	Gray 1854
superfamily	Unionoidea
family	Unionidae	Rafinesque 1820

Common Name

freshwater mussel

Scientific Name

Unionidae

Name Published In

Ann. gén. Sci. phys., Bruxelles, 5: 290

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Unionidae	family	belongs to Unionacea	stated with evidence	Newell, 1965
Unionidae	family	belongs to Unionoida	stated without evidence	Shoshani et al., 1989
Unionidae	family	belongs to Unionacea	stated without evidence	Beu et al., 1990
Unionidae	family	belongs to Unionoidea	stated with evidence	Bieler and Mikkelsen, 2006
Unionidae	family	belongs to Unionoidea	stated without evidence	Bouchet et al., 2010
Unionidae	family	belongs to Unionoidea	stated with evidence	Carter et al., 2011

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

187

Extant Size (PBDB)

77 (41%)

First Recorded Appearance

247 - 242 Ma
Triassic

Environment

freshwater (based on Unionida)

Motility

facultatively mobile (based on Bivalvia)

Vision

blind (based on Bivalvia)

Diet

suspension feeder (based on Bivalvia)

Taphonomy

aragonite (based on Bivalvia)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

H. E. Vokes. 1980. Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue. Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue

Common Name(s)

Freshwater Mussel, Flussmuscheln, Freshwater Mussels, Målarmusslor

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionidae

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Alasmidontinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Ambleminae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		35	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Coelaturinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Gonideinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		3	41.3 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Modellnaiinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Parreysiinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Qiyangiinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)
Rectidentinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Unioninae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		171	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	0 Ma Extant
Actinonaias genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Aculamprotula genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Acuneopsis ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	201 Ma Early Jurassic	201 Ma Early Jurassic
Acuticosta genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	58.7 Ma Paleocene	0 Ma Extant
Alasmidonta genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Elktoe			0 Ma Extant
Amblema genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Amuranodonta genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Anemina genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Anodonta genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		20	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Anodontites genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Anodontoides genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Arcidens genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Arcidopsis genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Arotonaias genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Barynaias genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Beringiana genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Betekeia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Brazzaea genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Buldowskia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cafferia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Cambarunio genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Caudiculatus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Chamberlainia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coelatura genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Comptio ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	237 Ma Middle Triassic	237 Ma Middle Triassic
Contradens genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Cristaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ctenodesma genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cuneopsis genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	170 Ma Middle Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Cyclonaias genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cyprogenia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Cyrtonaias genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Danlengiconcha ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Delphinonaias genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Diaurora genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Diplodon genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		15	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	0 Ma Extant
Discomya genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Disconaias genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Dromus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Ellipsaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Elliptio genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		20	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Elliptoideus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Elongaria genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Ensidens genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Eocuneopsis ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	170 Ma Middle Jurassic	170 Ma Middle Jurassic
Eolamprotula ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	174 Ma Middle Jurassic	170 Ma Middle Jurassic
Epioblasma genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Eurynia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Friersonia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Fusconaia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Germainaia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Glebula genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Gonidea genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Haasodonta genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hamiota genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Harmandia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemistena genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Heterunio genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hyriopsis genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	41.3 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Indochinella genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Indonaia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Inversidens genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Inversiunio genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Jishuiconcha ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	174 Ma Middle Jurassic	174 Ma Middle Jurassic
Lamellidens genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Lamproscapha genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Lamprotula genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	174 Ma Middle Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Lampsilis genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Lanceolaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Lasmigona genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Leaunio genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Leguminaia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Lemiox genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Leoparreysia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Lepidodesma genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Leptodea genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ligumia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Limnoscapha ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Liopotomida ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	174 Ma Middle Jurassic	174 Ma Middle Jurassic
Liovetulonaia ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)
Luochengella ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	201 Ma Early Jurassic	201 Ma Early Jurassic
Margarita genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Martensnaias genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Medionidus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Megalonaias genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	41.3 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Microcondylaea genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Micronaias genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Middendorffinaia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Modellnaia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Mujanaia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Nephritica genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Nephronaias genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ningxiaconcha ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Nitia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Nodularia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Nyassunio genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Obliquaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Obovaria genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pachynaias genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Paetulunio genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Palindonaia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Paranodonta genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	145 Ma Late Jurassic	145 Ma Late Jurassic
Parreysia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Parvasolenaia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Parvaspina genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pegias genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Periodunio ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Physunio genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Pilsbryoconcha genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plectomerus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plethobasus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pletholophus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pleurobema genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Pleuronaia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plicatounio genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		17	145 Ma Late Jurassic	101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Popenaias genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Potamilus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Potomida genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	174 Ma Middle Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Pressidens genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Prisodontopsis genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Prohyriopsis genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pronodularia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Proparreysia genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Protelliptio ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Protunio genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pseudanodonta genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Pseudelliptio ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	145 Ma Late Jurassic	145 Ma Late Jurassic
Pseudobaphia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pseudodon genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Pseudodontoideus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pseudodontopsis genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pseudospatha genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Psilounio ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	174 Ma Middle Jurassic	164 Ma Middle Jurassic
Psoronaias genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Psorula genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ptychobranchus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Ptychorhynchus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pyganodon genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Qianweiella ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	237 Ma Middle Triassic	237 Ma Middle Triassic
Qiyangia ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	201 Ma Early Jurassic	201 Ma Early Jurassic
Quadrula genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Radiatula genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Radioplicata ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Rectidens genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Reginaia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Reticulatus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Rhabdotophorus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	85.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Rhombuniopsis genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sagittunio genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Scabies genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Schepmania genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Schistodesmus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sculptunio genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Shifangella ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	237 Ma Middle Triassic	237 Ma Middle Triassic
Shistodesmus genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	145 Ma Late Jurassic	145 Ma Late Jurassic
Sibirunio genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Simpsonaias genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Simpsonella genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sinanodonta genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sinohyriopsis genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Solenaia genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Sphenonaias genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Strophitus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Theliderma genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Toxolasma genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Trapezidens genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Trapezoideus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Triaslacus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Tritogonia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Truncilla genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Tuberonaia ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Tuberunio genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Undulatula ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	166 Ma Middle Jurassic
Uniandra genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Unio genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		168	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	0 Ma Extant
Uniomerus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Unionelloides ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)
Unionetta genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Utterbackia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Utterbackiana genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Venustaconcha genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Villosa genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Wulongiconcha ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	174 Ma Middle Jurassic	174 Ma Middle Jurassic
Yaukthwa genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Yunnanoconcha ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	145 Ma Late Jurassic	145 Ma Late Jurassic
Grandidiera anceyi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Grandidiera bourguignati species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Grandidiera callista species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Grandidiera corbicula species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Grandidiera cyrenopsis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Grandidiera elongata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Grandidiera giraudi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Grandidiera granulosa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Grandidiera gravida species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Grandidiera hauttecoeuri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Grandidiera incarnata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Grandidiera insignis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Grandidiera locardiana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Grandidiera mira species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Grandidiera rhynchonella species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Grandidiera rostrata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Grandidiera rotundata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Grandidiera servainiana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Grandidiera singularis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Psedodon callifer species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Psedodon cumingii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1820	Unionidae Rafinesque
1965	Unionidae Newell p. 18
1980	Unionidae Vokes p. 73
1989	Unionidae Shoshani et al. p. 435
1990	Unionidae Beu et al. p. 396
2006	Unionidae Bieler and Mikkelsen p. 230
2010	Unionidae Bouchet et al.
2011	Unionidae Carter et al. p. 12

References

Vokes H. E. (1980) Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue, Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic Catalogue

Newell N. D. (1965) Classification of the Bivalvia, American Museum Novitates 2206, 1-25

Shoshani J., Fisher D. C., et al (1989) The Shelton Mastodon Site: Multidisciplinary study of a late Pleistocene (Twocreekan) locality in Southeastern Michigan, Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27 14, 393-436

Beu A. G., Maxwell P.A., et al (1990) Cenozoic Mollusca of New Zealand, New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin 58

Bieler R., Mikkelsen P. M. (2006) Bivalvia - a look at the branches, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 148, 223-235

Bouchet P., Rocroi J.-P., et al (2010) Nomenclator of Bivalve Families with a Classification of Bivalve Families, Malacologia 52 2, 1-184 doi:10.4002/040.052.0201

Carter J. G., Altaba C. R., et al (2011) A Synoptical Classification of the Bivalvia (Mollusca), University of Kansas Paleontological Institute Paleontological Contributions 4, 1-47

Pfeiffer J.M., Breinholt J.W. & Page L.M. (2019). Unioverse: A phylogenomic resource for reconstructing the evolution of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia, Unionoida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 137: 114-126. - via World Register of Marine Species

Bieler R., Carter J.G. & Coan E.V. (2010). Classification of Bivalve families. Pp. 113-133, in: Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (2010), Nomenclator of Bivalve Families. Malacologia 52(2): 1-184. - via World Register of Marine Species

Gärdenfors, Ulf, Hall, Ragnar, Hallingbäck, Tomas, Hansson, Hans G. & Hedström, Lars (2003) Djur, svampar och växter i Sverige 2003. Förteckning över antal arter per familj. ArtDatabanken Rapporterar 5, ArtDatabanken, Uppsala. (reviderad excelfil med svenska djurfamiljer). - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Gittenberger et al. (2004) - via Taxa Watermanagement the Netherlands (TWN)

WoRMS (2016) Accessed through World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Benton, M.J. (ed). (1993). The Fossil Record 2. Chapman & Hall, London, 845 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Parker, S.P. (ed). (1982). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2 volumes. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

WoRMS (Mar 2013) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Turgeon, D. D., J. F. Quinn, Jr., A. E. Bogan, E. V. Coan, F. G. Hochberg, W. G. Lyons, et al., 1998: Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks, 2nd ed.. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26. 526. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Opinion 495 Designation., under the Plenary Powers of a type species in harmony with accustomed usage for the nominal genus Unio Philipsson, 1788 (class Pelecypoda) and validation under the same Powers of the family-group name Margaritiferidae Haas, 1940.Opinions and declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 17(17), 287-322 (1957) - via Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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