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Anura

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Rugosa sp.

Texas, USA

Rugosa sp.

Texas, USA

Rugosa sp.

Texas, USA

Description

Anura may refer to:

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	952	https://www.gbif.org/species/952
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	37422	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=37422

Rank

order

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Amphibia : Anura

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Anura

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Temnospondyli
-	Lissamphibia
-	Batrachia
order	Salientia	Laurenti 1768
order	Anura

Common Name

frog

Scientific Name

Anura

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Anura	order	belongs to Batrachia	stated with evidence	Cope, 1875
Anura	order	belongs to Lissamphibia	stated with evidence	Gadow, 1898
Anura	order	subjective synonym of Salientia	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Anura	order	belongs to Amphibia	stated without evidence	Jaekel, 1911
Anura	order	belongs to Batrachomorpha	stated without evidence	Säve-Söderbergh, 1934
Anura	order	belongs to Euamphibia	stated with evidence	Kuhn, 1946
Anura	order	belongs to Batrachomorphoidea	stated without evidence	Huene, 1954
Anura	suborder	belongs to Amphibia	stated without evidence	McGrew et al., 1959
Anura	order	belongs to Paratoidea	stated with evidence	Gardiner, 1982
Anura	order	belongs to Lepospondyli	implied	Carroll, 1988
Anura	order	belongs to Amphibia	stated without evidence	Shoshani et al., 1989
Anura	suborder	belongs to Lissamphibia	stated without evidence	Gauthier et al., 1989
Anura	suborder	belongs to Amphibia	stated without evidence	Holman et al., 1990
Anura	order	belongs to Salientia	stated with evidence	Evans and Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1998
Anura	order	belongs to Salientia	stated without evidence	Sanchiz, 1998
Anura	order	belongs to Amphibia	stated without evidence	Peng et al., 2001
Anura	order	belongs to Batrachia	stated with evidence	Zardoya and Meyer, 2001
Anura	order	belongs to Salientia	stated with evidence	Gao and Wang, 2001
Anura	suborder	belongs to Batrachia	stated without evidence	Meyer and Zardoya, 2003
Anura	order	belongs to Salientia	stated without evidence	Gao and Chen, 2004
Anura	order	belongs to Amphibia	implied	Augé and Rage, 2006
Anura	order	belongs to Amphibia	stated without evidence	Böhme, 2008
Anura	order	belongs to Salientia	stated with evidence	Anderson et al., 2008
Anura	order	belongs to Amphibia	implied	Böhme, 2010
Anura	order	belongs to Amphibia	stated without evidence	Fernicola and Albino, 2012
Anura	order	belongs to Batrachia	stated without evidence	Maddin et al., 2012
Anura	order	belongs to Lissamphibia	implied	Vianey-Liaud et al., 2014

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

483

Extant Size (PBDB)

253 (52%)

First Recorded Appearance

201 - 174 Ma
Jurassic

Environment

brackish,freshwater,terrestrial (based on Tetrapoda)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Temnospondyli)

Diet

carnivore (based on Temnospondyli)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

G. Fischer von Waldheim. 1813. Zoognosia Tabulis Synopticis. Edition Tertia, Classium, Ordinum, Generum Illustratione Perpetua Aucta. Volumen Primum, Tabulas Synopticas Generales et Comparativas, nec non Characterum Quorundam Explicationem Iconographicam Continens. Nicolai Sergeidis Vsevolozsky, Moscow

Common Name(s)

Frog, Frogs, Kikkers, Stjärtlösa Groddjur, Toads, Crapauds, Grenouilles, Perereca, Rã, Sapo

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anura

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Bufoniformia suborder	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Discoglossoidea suborder	listed (PBDB)		3	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Gastrechmia suborder	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Odontaglossa suborder	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Opisthocoela ✝ suborder	listed (PBDB)
Palaeobatrachoidea suborder	listed (PBDB)
Phaneroglossa suborder	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Proanura ✝ suborder	listed (PBDB)
Raniformia suborder	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Pelobatoidea superfamily	listed (PBDB)		240	157 Ma Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Pipoidea superfamily	listed (PBDB)		47	157 Ma Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Allophyrnidae family	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Alsodidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Alytidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Midwife Toads	15	152 Ma Late Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Aromobatidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Arthroleptidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Astylosternidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Batrachylidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Bombinatoridae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Brachycephalidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Brevicipitidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Bufonidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Toad	397	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Calyptocephalellidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Centrolenidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Ceratobatrachidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ceratophryidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ceuthomantidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Conrauidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Craugastoridae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cycloramphidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Dendrobatidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Dicroglossidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Discoglossidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Painted Frog	131	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Eleutherodactylidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Epicria family	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Gobiatidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		30	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Heleophrynidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemiphractidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemisidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hemisotidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Hylidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hylodidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hyperoliidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Leiopelmatidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	19.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Leiuperidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Lepidodactylidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Leptodactylidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Limnodynastidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Mantellidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.01 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Megophryidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Micrixalidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Microhylidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Myobatrachidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Nasikabatrachidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Notobatrachidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Nyctibatrachidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Odontophrynidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.78 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Palaeobatrachidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pelobatidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pelodryadidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pelodytidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Petropedetidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Phrynobatrachidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Phrynomeridae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Phyllomedusidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pipidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Prosaliridae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pseudidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Ptychadenidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Pyxicephalidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Ranidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		428	89.3 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Ranixalidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Rhacophoridae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Rhinodermatidae family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Rhinophrynidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Scaphiopodidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Sooglossidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Strabomantidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Telmatobiidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Tregobatrachidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	13.6 Ma Miocene	13.6 Ma Miocene
Triadobatrachidae family	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Scaphiophryninae subfamily	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Avitabatrachus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Aygroua ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	145 Ma Late Jurassic	145 Ma Late Jurassic
Beelzebufo genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Bissektia ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		2	101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	93.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Comobatrachus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cordicephalus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Cratia genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Czatkobatrachus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Electrorana ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Estesiella genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Eurycephalella genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Genibatrachus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Gracilibatrachus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hatzegobatrachus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Hensonbatrachus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		10	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hungarobatrachus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Iberobatrachus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Latonia ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		58	23.0 Ma Miocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Liaobatrachus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Neusibatrachus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	129 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	129 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Nezpercius genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Opisthocoelellus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)
Paradiscoglossus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		3	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Prosalirus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Scotiophryne ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		24	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Sunnybatrachus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	145 Ma Late Jurassic	145 Ma Late Jurassic
Thaumastosaurus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		13	56.0 Ma Paleocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Theatonius ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		8	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Thoraciliacus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Tyrrellbatrachus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		6	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Varibatrachus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	13.6 Ma Miocene	13.6 Ma Miocene
Vieraella ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	201 Ma Early Jurassic	201 Ma Early Jurassic
Vulcanobatrachus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Wealdenbatrachus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Acosmanura unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		1	13.6 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Costata unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		1	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Eoanura unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		2	55.8 Ma Eocene	0 Ma Extant
Neobatrachia unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		1,100	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Xenoanura unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		58	145 Ma Late Jurassic	0 Ma Extant

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1777	Ecaudata Scopoli
1873	Diacium unipedalis Cope p. 18
1874	Cremastosaurus unipedalis Cope p. 516
1875	Anura Cope p. 7
1887	Eobatrachus Marsh p. 328
1887	Eobatrachus agilis Marsh p. 328
1898	Anura Gadow p. 14
1902	Eobatrachus Hay p. 425
1902	Eobatrachus agilis Hay p. 425
1902	Platyrhachis unipedalis Hay p. 477
1911	Anura Jaekel p. 130
1912	Eobatrachus Moodie p. 286
1912	Eobatrachus agilis Moodie p. 288
1934	Anura Swinton p. 76
1934	Anura Säve-Söderbergh p. 17
1940	Jeholobatrachus Endo
1940	Jeholobatrachus intermedius Endo
1946	Anura Kuhn p. 53
1954	Anura Huene p. 12
1958	Archaeobatrachia Reig
1959	Anura McGrew et al. p. 130
1960	Eobatrachus Hecht and Estes p. 2
1960	Eobatrachus agilis Hecht and Estes p. 2
1960	Comobatrachus Hecht and Estes p. 6
1960	Comobatrachus aenigmatis Hecht and Estes pp. 6-7 figs. Pl. 1:2,4,6
1961	Vieraellidae Reig
1979	Mesobatrachia Laurent
1982	Anura Gardiner p. 228
1983	Pipoidei Dubois
1988	Anura Carroll
1989	Anura Gauthier et al. p. 349
1989	Anura Shoshani et al. p. 436
1990	Anura Holman et al. p. 523
1996	Anura Frank and Ramus

Year	Name and Author
1998	Anura Evans and Borsuk-Bialynicka p. 578
1998	Liaobatrachus Ji and Ji
1998	Anura Sanchiz
1998	Mesobatrachia Sanchiz
1999	Callobatrachus Wang and Gao
2001	Anura Gao and Wang p. 461
2001	Mesophryne Gao and Wang p. 461
2001	Callobatrachus Gao and Wang p. 464
2001	Liaobatrachus Gao and Wang p. 468
2001	Archaeobatrachia Gao and Wang p. 469
2001	Anura Gardner p. 334 fig. 8
2001	Anura Peng et al. p. 22
2001	Anura Zardoya and Meyer p. 7380
2003	Anura Meyer and Zardoya
2004	Anura Gao and Chen p. 762
2004	Yizhoubatrachus Gao and Chen pp. 762-766 figs. 2-3
2004	Dalianbatrachus Gao and Liu
2004	Callobatrachus Wang p. 1170
2004	Liaobatrachus Wang p. 1170
2004	Mesophryne Wang p. 1170
2006	Anura Augé and Rage p. 237
2008	Anura Anderson et al. p. 517
2008	Anura Böhme p. 167
2008	Anura Venczel and Stiuca p. 741
2010	Anura Böhme p. 13
2010	Liaobatrachus Zhou and Wang
2010	Mesophryne Zhou and Wang
2010	Yizhoubatrachus Zhou and Wang
2010	Callobatrachus Zhou and Wang pp. 639-641 fig. 1
2012	Anura Fernicola and Albino
2012	Anura Maddin et al.
2013	Callobatrachus Baez
2013	Liaobatrachus Dong et al.
2014	Anura Vianey-Liaud et al. p. 569

References

Fischer von Waldheim G. , Zoognosia Tabulis Synopticis. Edition Tertia, Classium, Ordinum, Generum Illustratione Perpetua Aucta. Volumen Primum, Tabulas Synopticas Generales et Comparativas, nec non Characterum Quorundam Explicationem Iconographicam Continens. Nicolai Sergeidis Vsevolozsky, Moscow, xiii-465

Cope E. D. Synopsis of new Vertebrata from the Tertiary of Colorado obtained during the summer of 1873, Seventh Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories (extract)

Cope E. D. Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia; with a systematic list of the higher groups, and an essay on geographical distribution. Based on the specimens contained in the U. S. National Museum, Bulletin of the United States National Museum 1, 1-109

Marsh O. C. American Jurassic mammals, The American Journal of Science, series 3 33 196, 327-348

Gadow H. , A Classification of Vertebrata Recent and Extinct, xvii-82

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Jaekel O. (1911) , Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die Fossilen und Lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An Overview of the Fossil and Living Forms], viii-252

Swinton W. E. (1934) , A Guide to the Fossil Birds, Reptiles, and Amphibians in the Department of Geology and Paleontology in the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7, xii-87

Säve-Söderbergh G. (1934) Some points of view concerning the evolution of the Vertebrates and the classification of this group, Arkiv för Zoologi 26A 17, 1-20

Kuhn O. (1946) Das System der fossilen und rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien [The system of fossil and recent amphibians and reptiles], Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bamberg 29, 49-67

Huene F. v. (1954) , Die Saurierwelt und ihre Geschichtlichen Zusammenhänge [The World of Reptiles and the History of Their Interrelationships]. 2nd, revised edition, 1-66

McGrew P. O., Berman J. E., et al (1959) The geology and paleontology of the Elk Mountain and Tabernacle Butte area, Wyoming, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 117 3, 117-176

Hecht M. K., Estes R. (1960) Fossil amphibians from Quarry Nine, Postilla 46, 1-19

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Gauthier J. A., Cannatella D., et al (1989) Tetrapod phylogeny, In B. Fernholm, K. Bremer, & H. Jörnvall (eds.), The Hierarchy of Life. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam, 337-353

Shoshani J., Fisher D. C., et al (1989) The Shelton Mastodon Site: Multidisciplinary study of a late Pleistocene (Twocreekan) locality in Southeastern Michigan, Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27 14, 393-436

Holman J. A., Bell G. L., et al (1990) A late Pleistocene herpetofauna from Bell Cave, Alabama, The Herpetological Journal 1 11, 521-529

Frank N., Ramus E. (1996) A Complete Guide to Scientific and Common Names of Reptiles and Amphibians of the World, 1-377

Evans S. E., Borsuk-Bialynicka M. (1998) A stem-group frog from the Early Triassic of Poland, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 43 4, 573-580

Ji S., Ji Q. (1998) The first Mesozoic frog from China (Amphibia: Anura), Liaobatrachus grabaui gen. et sp. nov., Chinese Geology 250, 39-42

Sanchiz B. (1998) Salientia, Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie 4

Wang Y., Gao K.Q. (1999) Earliest Asian discoglossid frog from western Liaoning, Chinese Science Bulletin 44 7, 636-642

Gao K.-Q., Wang Y. (2001) Mesozoic anurans from Liaoning Province, China, and phylogenetic relationships of archaeobatrachian anuran clades, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21 3, 460-476

Gardner J. D. (2001) Monophyly and affinities of albanerpetontid amphibians (Temnospondyli; Lissamphibia), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, 309-352

Peng J., Russell A. P., et al (2001) Vertebrate microsite assemblages (exclusive of mammals) from the Foremost and Oldman Formations of the Judith River Group (Campanian) of southeastern Alberta: an illustrated guide, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Natural History Occasional Paper 25, 1-54

Meyer A., Zardoya R. (2003) Recent advances in the (molecular) phylogeny of vertebrates, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34, 311-338

Gao K. -Q., Chen S. (2004) A new frog (Amphibia: Anura) from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning, China, Cretaceous Research 25, 761-769

Wang Y. (2004) Taxonomy and stratigraphy of Late Mesozoic anurans and urodeles from China, Acta Geologica Sinica 78 6, 1169-1178

Augé M., Rage J.-C. (2006) Herpetofaunas from the Upper Paleocene and Lower Eocene of Morocco, Annales de Paléontologie 92 3, 235-253 doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2005.09.001

Anderson J. S., Reisz R. R., et al (2008) A stem batrachian from the Early Permian of Texas and the origin of frogs and salamanders, Nature 453, 515-518 doi:10.1038/nature06865

Böhme M. (2008) Ectothermic vertebrates (Teleostei, Allocaudata, Urodela, Anura, Testudines, Choristodera, Crocodylia, Squamata) from the Upper Oligocene of Oberleichtersbach (Northern Bavaria, Germany), Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 260, 161-183

Venczel M., Stiuca E. (2008) Late middle Miocene amphibians and squamate reptiles from Taut, Romania, Geodiversitas 30 4, 731-763

Böhme M. (2010) Ectothermic vertebrates (Actinopterygii, Allocaudata, Urodela, Anura, Crocodylia, Squamata) from the Miocene of Sandelzhausen (Germany, Bavaria) and their implications for environment reconstruction and palaeoclimate, Paläontologische Zeitschrift 84 1, 3-41 doi:10.1007/s12542-010-0050-4

Zhou Z. -H., Wang Y. (2010) Vertebrate diversity of the Jehol Biota as compared with other Lagerstätten, Science China, Earth Sciences 53 12, 1895-1907 doi:10.1007/s11430-010-4094-9

Fernicola J. C., Albino A. (2012) Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the Santa Cruz Formation (late Early Miocene), Santa Cruz Province, Argentina: paleoenvironmental and paleobiological considerations, Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation, 129-137

Maddin H. C., Jenkins Jr F. A., et al (2012) The Braincase of Eocaecilia micropodia (Lissamphibia, Gymnophiona) and the Origin of Caecilians, PLoS One 7 12, e50743 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050743

Baez A. M. (2013) Anurans from the Early Cretaceous Lagerstätte of Las Hoyas, Spain: New evidence on the Mesozoic diversification of crown-clade Anura, Cretaceous Research 41, 90-106 doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.11.002

Dong L., Roček Z., et al (2013) Anurans from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of Western Liaoning, China, PLoS One 8 7, e69723 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069723

Vianey-Liaud M., Comte B., et al (2014) A new early late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Alès Basin, Gard, Southern France), Geodiversitas 36 4, 565-622 doi:10.5252/g2014n4a4

Duméril, A.M.C. (1805). Zoologie analytique, ou méthode naturelle de classification des animaux, rendue plus facile à l'aide de tableaux synoptiques. Paris, Allais. pp. i-xxxiii + 1-344 [imprint date 1806]. - via World Register of Marine Species

Gärdenfors, Ulf, Hall, Ragnar, Hallingbäck, Tomas, Hansson, Hans G. & Hedström, Lars (2003) Djur, svampar och växter i Sverige 2003. Förteckning över antal arter per familj. ArtDatabanken Rapporterar 5, ArtDatabanken, Uppsala. (reviderad excelfil med svenska djurfamiljer). - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Flores-Villela, Oscar / McCoy, C. J., ed., 1993: Herpetofauna Mexicana: Lista anotada de las especies de anfibios y reptiles de México, cambios taxonómicos recientes, y nuevas especies. Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication, no. 17. iv + 73. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes, 2004: null. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada, draft (2004). - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Opinion 435 Suppression under the Plenary Powers of the generic name Achorutes Templeton, 1835, and designation under the same Powers of type species in harmony with current usage for the genera Hypogastrura Bourlet, 1839, and Neanura Macgillivray, 1893 (class Insecta, order Collembola).Opinions and declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 14(21), 425-458 (1956) - via Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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