	Meinert, Lawrence D., Hefton, Kristopher K., Mayes, David, Tasiran, Ian (1997) Geology, zonation, and fluid evolution of the Big Gossan Cu-Au skarn deposit, Ertsberg District, Irian Jaya. Economic Geology, 92 (5) 509-534 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.92.5.509	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	DAVID MAYES*, AND IAN TASIRAN P. T. Freeport Indonesia, Exploration Division,Sampoer•za Plaza89,4th Floor...R.Rasuna SaidX-7,No.6, Kuningan, Jakarta12940,Indonesia* Abstract TheBigGossan Cu-Auskarndeposit isthehighest...gradecopperdeposit in theworld-class Ertsberg district, IrianJaya.Currentreserves are37.4millionmetrictons(Mr)...containsnaultipleCu-Au Mineralization intheErtsberg district wasdiscovered in 1936 Jaeque DozynotedtheErtsberg...ateOreZone)-DOZ(DeepOreZone),Grasberg, Dona,Big nearby-5,000-naPuneak Jaya(fornaerly knownasCarstensz Gossan, and several
	Henley, Richard W., Brink, Frank J., King, Penelope L., Leys, Clyde, Ganguly, Jibamitra, Mernagh, Terrance, Middleton, Jill, Renggli, Christian J., Sieber, Melanie, Troitzsch, Ulrike, Turner, Michael (2017) High temperature gas–solid reactions in calc–silicate Cu–Au skarn formation; Ertsberg, Papua Province, Indonesia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 172 (11) doi:10.1007/s00410-017-1413-6	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	calc–silicate Cu–Au skarn formation; Ertsberg, Papua Province, Indonesia Richard W. Henley1 · Frank J. Brink2 ·...Ma Ertsberg East Skarn System (Indonesia), adjacent to the giant Grasberg Porphyry Copper deposit, is part...Skarn System (EESS) deposit, alongside the giant Grasberg porphyry copper deposit (Fig. 1), is part of the...Simplified geological map pf the Grasberg–Ertsberg district, West Papua, Indonesia. b, c Geology and cross-section...is recognized as a principal component of the Grasberg and many other of the world’s largest porphyry
	Zhao, Yiming, Zhang, Yinan, Bi, Chengsi (1999) Geology of gold-bearing skarn deposits in the middle and lower Yangtze River Valley and adjacent regions. Ore Geology Reviews, 14 (3) 227-249 doi:10.1016/s0169-1368(99)00008-6	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	calcic skarns are diopside, garnet, wollastonite, vesuvianite and scapolite, whereas magnesian skarns are dominated...and Jiguanzui in Hubei Province and Tianmashan, Xingiao and Sanpu in Anhui Province, have been discovered...dolomitic limestone and dolomite; in the Sanpu district of northern Anhui, they are Middle and Upper Cambrian...lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Sanpu district — are located in upper mantle anomalies ŽZhao...limestone and dolomitic limestone; in the Tongling district, besides the for- The intrusions related to the
	Soloviev, Serguei G., Kryazhev, Sergey G., Dvurechenskaya, Svetlana S., Uyutov, Victor I. (2019) Geology, mineralization, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope characteristics of the Sinyukhinskoe Cu-Au skarn deposit, Russian Altai, SW Siberia. Ore Geology Reviews, 112. 103039 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103039	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	1972). AL Then, part of the deposit (“Veselyi Mine”) was described by Ettlinger and Meinert (1991)... collisional) processes. 3. District geology The mineralized district that hosts the Sinyukhinskoe deposit...pyroxene (15-35 mol.% hedenbergite; Table 3) and vesuvianite. Gusev (1998) noted ferrobustamite in close association...garnet-calcite-quartz+vesuvianite, (2) wollastonite-quartz+garnet+vesuvianite, (3) epidote-garnet-quartz-calcite...and/or recrystallization of garnet, wollastonite, vesuvianite and locally pyroxene into euhedral crystals and
	Forster, D. B., Seccombe, P. K., Phillips, D. (2004) Controls on Skarn Mineralization and Alteration at the Cadia Deposits, New South Wales, Australia. Economic Geology, 99 (4) 761-788 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.99.4.761	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	intrusion-related system in eastern Australia. Both the Big Cadia and Little Cadia skarns are developed within...associated with porphyry deposits. Iron skarn at Big Cadia occurs several hundred meters distant from...Cadia Quarry, toward more distal environments at Big Cadia. Skarn zonation comprises (1) proximal garnet...East, mineralization and skarn zonation similar to Big Cadia developed above additional intrusions of quartz...of alteration and mineralization suggest that the Big Cadia skarn formed from fluids that migrated laterally
	Koděra, Peter, Lexa, Jaroslav, Fallick, Anthony E. (2010) Formation of the Vysoká–Zlatno Cu–Au skarn–porphyry deposit, Slovakia. Mineralium Deposita, 45 (8) 817-843 doi:10.1007/s00126-010-0304-9	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Quartz Sericite Sphalerite Spinel Serpentinite Vesuvianite Wollastonite (Shinohara and Hedenquist 1997;...stratovolcano (Fig. 1a). The Banská Štiavnica ore district, hosted by the central zone of the stratovolcano...Pb and 8,000 t Cu; Lexa et al. 1999). The ore district includes also several occurrences of Cu–Au skarn–...nor the other occurrences of this type in the district have ever been studied in detail in terms of genesis...Skarn–porphyry mineralisation was not known in this district until the discovery of the Zlatno deposit in the
	CHEN, Lei, QIN, Kezhang, LI, Jinxiang, XIAO, Bo, LI, Guangming, ZHAO, Junxing, FAN, Xin (2012) Fluid Inclusions and Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur Isotopes of Nuri Cu-W-Mo Deposit in the Southern Gangdese, Tibet. Resource Geology, 62 (1) 42-62 doi:10.1111/j.1751-3928.2011.00179.x	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	belt. The intrusive rocks exposed in the Nuri ore district consist of quartz diorite, granodiorite, monzogranite...is distributed in the central part of the Nuri district, a thick dark gray micrite layer in the upper...member is the main ore-bearing stratum in the ore district, with thickness of >400 m, exposed in all the...and monzogranite intrusions are exposed in the district and quartz diorite porphyrite occurs in the drill...(grossulariteandradite), pyroxene, wollastonite, vesuvianite, epidote, actinolite and so on. The main metalliferous
	Burisch, Mathias, Gerdes, Axel, Meinert, Lawrence D., Albert, Richard, Seifert, Thomas, Gutzmer, Jens (2019) The essence of time – fertile skarn formation in the Variscan Orogenic Belt. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 519. 165-170 doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.05.015	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	skarns in the Erzgebirge, a classic metallogenic province in central Europe. Garnet ages obtained not only...Skarns of the Erzgebirge, a classical metallogenic province in Central Europe, are a typical example of the...Fig. 1. Geological overview of the Erzgebirge province (modiﬁed after Sächsisches Landesamt für Umwelt...Erzgebirge The Erzgebirge is a classical metallogenic province with a multitude of economically important greisen...to age date the Hämmerlein skarn (Schwarzenberg district) was based on Rb-Sr dates of muscovite (∼340 Ma;
	*Hedenquist, Jeffrey W. (2012) Geology and genesis of major copper deposits and districts of the world : a tribute to Richard H. Sillitoe.*	Book
	label: Aerial view of the Bingham Canyon copper mine, Kennecott Utah Copper, September 2003. Photo courtesy...Magmatic-Hydrothermal History of the Río Blanco-Los Bronces District, Central Chile: Development of World’s Greatest...Chuquicamata District, Northern Chile Geologic Overview of the Escondida Porphyry Copper District, Northern...Molybdenum Deposits of the Ertsberg-Grasberg District, Papua, Indonesia Clyde A. Leys, Mark Cloos, Brian...N. Moreto, André Luiz Silva Pestilho, Mineral Province, Brazil Gustavo Henrique Coelho de Melo, Marco
	Sint, Nyein N., Yonezu, Kotaro, Tindell, Thomas, Aye, May T., Win, Htay, Imai, Akira, Watanabe, Koichiro (2019) Geology and Skarn Cu-Bi-Au Mineralization at Shwe Min Bon Area, Kalaw Township, Southern Shan State, Myanmar. Resource Geology, 69 (1) 85-106 doi:10.1111/rge.12187	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	occurrences of rock hand specimen from the open-pit mine of the Tiger Mouth orebody; (d) vuggy quartz in...and open cut mining is currently also applied to mine these ores in the Tiger Mouth and Bwet Taung orebodies...and granodiorite. Skarn minerals are mainly vesuvianite, garnet, and minor quartz. Chalcopyrite is the... Type Skarn minerals Ore minerals Pyrite, Big Gossan, Calcic skarn Pyroxene, pyrrhotite (Oxidized...Ertsberg amphibole, skarn) District, vesuvianite, Irian Jaya, epidote Indonesia Oxidized Grandite garnet
	Shu, Qihai, Chang, Zhaoshan, Hammerli, Johannes, Lai, Yong, Huizenga, Jan-Marten (2017) Composition and Evolution of Fluids Forming the Baiyinnuo’er Zn-Pb Skarn Deposit, Northeastern China: Insights from Laser Ablation ICP-MS Study of Fluid Inclusions. Economic Geology*, 112 (6) 1441-1460 doi:10.5382/econgeo.2017.4516	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	chlorite, and lesser actinolite, tremolite, vesuvianite, scapolite, and fluorite. Mineral paragenesis...wollastonite magnetite actinolite tremolite scapolite vesuvianite epidote clinozoisite chlorite quartz calcite...hydrothermal fluid systems, such as the Grasberg Cu-Au deposit in Indonesia (Na/K = ~1.0; Heinrich et al., 1999)...Pb; Huizenga et al., 2006), the Tri-State MVT district of the Ozark plateau in the United States (~10...et al., 2008), the Zn-Pb polymetallic Morococha district in central Peru (up to ~320 ppm Zn and ~150 ppm
	Zhao, Haijie, Xie, Guiqing, Wei, Ketao, Ke, Yufu (2012) Mineral compositions and fluid evolution of the Tonglushan skarn Cu–Fe deposit, SE Hubei, east-central China. International Geology Review, 54 (7) 737-764 doi:10.1080/00206814.2011.569418	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	PR China b Geological Team of Southeast Hubei Province, Daye, PR China Published online: 24 May 2011...PR China; b Geological Team of Southeast Hubei Province, Daye, PR China Downloaded by [University of...68 Mt at 41% Fe) is located in the westernmost district of the Middle–Lower Yangtze River metallogenic...Tonglushan deposit, located in the Daye district, SE Hubei Province, is a typical Cu–Fe skarn (Wei et al...approximately 17% of the area of southeast Hubei Province (Pan and Dong 1999). Geochronological studies
	Wang, Guan-Nan, Gu, Xue-Xiang, Zhang, Yong-Mei, Peng, Yi-Wei, Zheng, Shao-Hua (2018) Ore genesis and hydrothermal evolution of the Kendenggao’er copper-molybdenum deposit, western Tianshan: Evidence from isotopes (S, Pb, H, O) and fluid inclusions. Ore Geology Reviews, 100. 294-316 doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.01.004	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	with the replacement of garnet and diopside by vesuvianite, epidote, sulfides and quartz. The hydrothermal...mineralization events, the Western Tianshan metallogenic province is further divided into three polymetallic belts...Formation is the main stratigraphic unit in the ore district. The Dongtujinhe Formation can be further subdivided...skarn (hydrous skarn) consists of a mixture of vesuvianite, tremolite, epidote and chlorite (Fig. 3e, f)...ide-vesuvianite-minor pyrite); (2) the main-ore stage (major sulfides-quartz-epidote-vesuvianite); and
	Pan, Yuanming, Dong, Ping (1999) The Lower Changjiang (Yangzi/Yangtze River) metallogenic belt, east central China: intrusion- and wall rock-hosted Cu–Fe–Au, Mo, Zn, Pb, Ag deposits. Ore Geology Reviews, 15 (4) 177-242 doi:10.1016/s0169-1368(99)00022-0	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	from Wuhan of the Hubei Province in the west to Zhenjiang of the Jiangsu Province in the east, contains...from west to east, Edong Ži.e., eastern Hubei Province., Fe–Cu deposits; Jiurui ŽJiujiang– Ruichan ....from Daye of the Hubei Province in the west to Zhenjiang of the Jiangsu Province in the east ŽChang et...in the Jiurui district, NE from Jiujiang to Nanjing, and E–W in the Ningzhen district ŽFig. 2; Chang...exposed only in a few locations in the Ningzhen district and are absent in the Edong, Jiurui, Anqing– Guichi
	Chang, Z., Meinert, L. D. (2008) The Empire Cu-Zn Mine, Idaho: Exploration Implications of Unusual Skarn Features Related to High Fluorine Activity. Economic Geology, 103 (5) 909-938 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.103.5.909	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Economic Geology, v. 103, pp. 909–938 The Empire Cu-Zn Mine, Idaho: Exploration Implications of Unusual Skarn...alteration front. The inner zone locally contains vesuvianite. Where many veins intersect, endoskarn is massive...well-exposed example of a Cu-Zn skarn deposit, the Empire mine, in Custer County, Idaho, and discusses its genesis...exploration. The Empire mine is the largest deposit in the Alder Creek mining district. It is approximately...commun.). Geologic Setting The Alder Creek mining district is located within the Cordilleran thrust belt
	Soloviev, Serguei G., Kryazhev, Sergey, Dvurechenskaya, Svetlana (2018) Geology, mineralization, and fluid inclusion study of the Kuru-Tegerek Au-Cu-Mo skarn deposit in the Middle Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan. Mineralium Deposita, 53 (2) 195-223 doi:10.1007/s00126-017-0729-5	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Introduction The Tien Shan Gold Belt, a metallogenic province in the Paleozoic orogenic systems of Central Asia...Deposita Mo porphyry deposits of the Almalyk ore district, where mineralized intrusions yielded whole-rock...elevated MgO content (Table 5; Fig. 6a, b), and vesuvianite (Fig. 5). Calcic skarn Ca-plagioclase and pyroxene...magnetite-pyroxene-calcite, garnet-vesuvianite-pyroxene- calcite, wollastonite-vesuvianite, and wollastonite-pyroxene...River-Jinshajiang alkaline igneous belt, western Yunnan Province, China. Mineral Petrol 96:43–58 Biske YS, Seltmann
	He, Wen-Yan, Mo, Xuan-Xue, He, Zhong-Hua, White, Noel C., Chen, Jin-Biao, Yang, Kai-Hui, Wang, Rui, Yu, Xue-Hui, Dong, Guo-Chen, Huang, Xiong-Fei (2015) THE GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF THE BEIYA SKARN GOLD DEPOSIT IN YUNNAN, SOUTHWEST CHINA. Economic Geology, 110 (6) 1625-1641 doi:10.2113/econgeo.110.6.1625	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	eastern Tethyan orogenic belt in western Yunnan province, China. It is one of the largest gold deposits...deposit is located in Heqin County, western Yunnan Province, in southwestern China (100°08'38"E, 26°07'43"N...which was followed by development of an open-pit mine in the early 2000s. † Corresponding authors: e-mail...Quaternary sediments Triassic limestone Bailianshi Mine Sanyin 26°4′N Triassic sandstone Permian basalt...AuFeCu Ore body No. East 56ZK6 56ZK16 KT3 Mine 26.12°N 26.14°N Jingouba 1400 CuAu 1300 KT53
	Shu, Q., Lai, Y., Sun, Y., Wang, C., Meng, S. (2013) Ore Genesis and Hydrothermal Evolution of the Baiyinnuo'er Zinc-Lead Skarn Deposit, Northeast China: Evidence from Isotopes (S, Pb) and Fluid Inclusions. Economic Geology, 108 (4) 835-860 doi:10.2113/econgeo.108.4.835	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	forming the Great Xing’an Range metallogenic province, which is considered to be one of the most important...details). The Huanggang-Ganzhu’ermiao polymetallic district In line with different geologic settings, the...the Great Xing’an Range metallogenic province is further divided into three polymetallic sub-belts (Zeng...Table 1. The Huanggang-Ganzhu’ermiao polymetallic district (Fig. 1C) is located within the Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-Sn-Fe-Mo...metallogenic zone in the Great Xing’an Range metallogenic province, where Sn, Zn, and Pb resources are highly abundant
	Chang, Zhaoshan, Meinert, L.D. (2004) The magmatic–hydrothermal transition—evidence from quartz phenocryst textures and endoskarn abundance in Cu–Zn skarns at the Empire Mine, Idaho, USA. Chemical Geology, 210 (1) 149-171 doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.018	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	endoskarn abundance in Cu–Zn skarns at the Empire Mine, Idaho, USA Zhaoshan Changa,, L.D. Meinertb a ...in some Cu–Zn skarn deposits such as the Empire Mine* in Idaho. Important features include: (1) quartz...localities such as the world-class Cu–Zn skarn Antamina mine, as well as some tin and rapakivi granites. D 2004...associated with some ore deposits, such as the Empire Mine, Idaho, USA, contain quartz phenocrysts that are...tin and rare-metals mineralization at the Pitinga mine, Brazil. Embayment of quartz phenocrysts also has
	Baker, Timothy, Lang, James R. (2003) Reconciling fluid inclusion types, fluid processes, and fluid sources in skarns: an example from the Bismark Deposit, Mexico. Mineralium Deposita, 38 (4) 474-495 doi:10.1007/s00126-002-0306-3	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	2N5, Canada Introduction The operating Bismark mine is located in northern Chihuahua, Mexico (Fig. 1)...location map of deposits and prospects in the Bismark district, Chihuahua. Modiﬁed from Alvarez (1996) 0.2%...through the main ore zone in the Bismark mine (looking west, mine section 40). The ore coincides with the...three-dimensional models (unpublished data, Bismark mine staﬀ) suggest ore forms several steeply plunging...to that observed in the peripheral parts of the mine and is most commonly found adjacent to narrow felsic
	Peng, Hui-juan, Mao, Jing-wen, Hou, Lin, Shu, Qi-hai, Zhang, Chang-qing, Liu, Huan, Zhou, Yun-man (2016) Stable Isotope and Fluid Inclusion Constraints on the Source and Evolution of Ore Fluids in the Hongniu-Hongshan Cu Skarn Deposit, Yunnan Province, China. Economic Geology, 111 (6) 1369-1396 doi:10.2113/econgeo.111.6.1369	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	the Hongniu-Hongshan Cu Skarn Deposit, Yunnan Province, China Hui-juan Peng,1,2,3 Jing-wen Mao,2 Lin...(Adr22–57Gr78–43), diopside (Di83–92Hd7–15), vesuvianite, and abundant exoskarn with red-brown andradite...Hongniu-Hongshan. Introduction The Zhongdian polymetallic district, situated in the southern segment of the Yidun...related porphyry-skarn deposits in the Zhongdian district were formed in the Late Cretaceous (J.K. Li et...C. Geologic map of the Zhongdian polymetallic district showing the locations of major deposits (after
	de Haller, A., Fontbote, L. (2009) The Raul-Condestable Iron Oxide Copper-Gold Deposit, Central Coast of Peru: Ore and Related Hydrothermal Alteration, Sulfur Isotopes, and Thermodynamic Constraints. Economic Geology, 104 (3) 365-384 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.104.3.365	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	super-unit Condestable mine ? present surface present sea level qtz + bt Raúl Mine: projected position...located about 2 km northwest of the Condestable mine. It is unclear if this garnet is genetically related...a single occurrence of garnet in the Condestable mine), and pyroxene described in what corresponds to...thin (15-cm) metamorphic halos of garnet and vesuvianite at dolerite dikes margin. Actinolite alteration...of the veins in the Raúl mine follow a northeast strike, the Condestable mine is dominated by northwest-oriented
	He, Xiaolong, Zhang, Da, Di, Yongjun, Wu, Ganguo, Hu, Bojie, Huo, Hailong, Li, Ning, Li, Fang (2022) Evolution of the magmatic–hydrothermal system and formation of the giant Zhuxi W–Cu deposit in South China. Geoscience Frontiers, 13 (1) 101278pp. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101278	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	formed during the Late Jurassic in southern Jiangxi Province within the NLB (Fig. 1b; Li et al., 1986; Mao...skarn minerals, such as tremolite, actinolite, vesuvianite, epidote, and chlorite. Poikilitic scheelite...Technology Service Company in Langfang, Hebei Province, China. Mineral separates were prepared by a combination...retrograde stage commenced with the formation of vesuvianite–actinolite–tremolite–epidote– chlorite in calcic...South China, such as the Gejiu deposit in Yunnan Province and Mulonggou deposit in eastern Qinling area
	*Pirajno, Franco (2009) Hydrothermal Processes and Mineral Systems. Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8613-7*	Book
	Contents 4.6.5 Candelaria, Punta Del Cobre District, Chilean Coastal Belt. . . . . . . . . . . . ...5.3.2 Ladolam Epithermal System, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...Deposit, Abitibi-Wawa Greenstone Belt, Superior Province, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . 992 9.7.2 Central Australian Heat Flow Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995 9.8 An Unusual Amagmatic...deposit, ore deposit, mineral occurrence, prospect, mine, reserves and resources are familiar, but more rigorous
	*(2017) Critical mineral resources of the United States—Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply. Professional Paper* 1802. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/pp1802**	Report (issue)
	.B3 Graph showing dates associated with all the mine sites on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s...production, U.S. apparent consumption, and U.S. mine production of antimony from 1900 to 2012............................F2 Graph showing world cobalt mine and refinery production and apparent consumption.....................F2 Graph showing world cobalt mine production from 1950 to 2011......................F4. Pie chart showing percentage of world cobalt mine production in 2011, by country.................

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Vesuvianite from Big Gossan Mine, Gunung Bijih District (Grasberg District), Mimika Regency, Papua Province, Indonesia

Vesuvianite from
Big Gossan Mine, Gunung Bijih District (Grasberg District), Mimika Regency, Papua Province, Indonesia