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Ensifera

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	176051	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=176051

Rank

suborder (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Orthoptera : Ensifera

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Ecdysozoa
-	Panarthropoda
phylum	Arthropoda	Latreille 1829
subphylum	Mandibulata
-	Pancrustacea
superclass	Hexapoda	Latreille 1825
-	Cercofilata	Kukalová-Peck 1987
class	Insecta	Linnaeus 1758
-	Dicondylia
-	Paranotalia	Sroka et al. 2014
subclass	Pterygota	Brauer 1885
-	Neopterygota	Crampton 1924
infraclass	Neoptera	Martynov 1923
-	Polyneoptera	Martynov 1938
superorder	Orthopterida	Boudreaux 1979
order	Orthoptera	Olivier 1789
suborder	Ensifera	Chopard 1920

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Ensifera	suborder	belongs to Saltatoria	stated without evidence	Zeuner, 1941
Ensifera	suborder	belongs to Orthoptera	stated without evidence	Riek, 1954
Ensifera	suborder	belongs to Orthoptera	stated with evidence	Zeuner, 1962
Ensifera	suborder	belongs to Orthoptera	stated without evidence	Riek, 1974
Ensifera	suborder	belongs to Orthoptera	stated with evidence	Whalley, 1985
Ensifera	order	belongs to Orthopteroidea	stated with evidence	Martins-Neto, 1991
Ensifera	suborder	belongs to Orthoptera	stated with evidence	Carpenter, 1992
Ensifera	suborder	belongs to Orthoptera	stated without evidence	Wappler, 2001
Ensifera	suborder	belongs to Orthoneoptera	stated without evidence	Kukalová-Peck and Lawrence, 2004
Ensifera	suborder	belongs to Orthoptera	stated with evidence	Gorochov et al., 2006

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

1,144

Extant Size (PBDB)

117 (10%)

First Recorded Appearance

318 - 315 Ma
Carboniferous

Environment

terrestrial (based on Ensifera)

Motility

fast-moving (based on Ensifera)

Vision

well-developed (based on Ensifera)

Diet

herbivore (based on Ensifera)

Reproduction

oviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Ensifera)

Ontogeny

molting (based on Ensifera)

Taphonomy

chitin (based on Ensifera)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

A. V. Gorochov, E. A. Jarzembowski, and R. A. Coram. 2006. Grasshoppers and crickets (Insecta: Orthoptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of southern England. Cretaceous Research 27:641-662

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Elcanidea ✝ infraorder	listed (PBDB)	236	299 Ma Carboniferous	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Gryllidea infraorder	listed (PBDB)	381	247 Ma Early/Lower Triassic	0 Ma Extant
Oedischiidea ✝ infraorder	listed (PBDB)	152	318 Ma Carboniferous	197 Ma Early Jurassic
Tettigoniidea infraorder	listed (PBDB)	396	272 Ma Permian	0 Ma Extant
Gryllacridoidea superfamily	listed (PBDB)	1	122 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Phasmomimoidea ✝ superfamily	listed (PBDB)	4	183 Ma Early Jurassic	166 Ma Middle Jurassic
Raphoglidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	290 Ma Permian	290 Ma Permian
Tettavidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	254 Ma Permian	254 Ma Permian
Triassomanteidae ✝ family	listed (PBDB)	2	228 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	197 Ma Early Jurassic
Vitimiidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	4	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Araripemyrmecophilops ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	122 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	122 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Elcanopsis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	254 Ma Permian	254 Ma Permian
Falsirameus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Liassogrylloides ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	183 Ma Early Jurassic	183 Ma Early Jurassic
Terpandrus genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	16.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Thnetus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	272 Ma Permian	272 Ma Permian
Yuxiania ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	166 Ma Middle Jurassic	166 Ma Middle Jurassic

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1839	Locusta prisca Germar p. 200 figs. Pl 21, fig 3
1865	Acridiites Heer p. 84
1865	Acridiites liasinus Heer p. 84
1906	Liadolocusta auscultans Handlirsch p. 423 figs. Pl 40, fig 8
1920	Ensifera Chopard
1937	Locustopsites gigantea Theobald p. 116 fig. 9
1938	Kulmbachiellon fragile Kuhn p. 318 figs. Fig 1
1941	Ensifera Zeuner
1954	Ensifera Riek p. 163
1955	Ensifera Riek p. 682
1962	Ensifera Zeuner
1968	Ensifera Sharov

Year	Name and Author
1974	Ensifera Riek p. 20
1985	Ensifera Whalley
1991	Ensifera Martins-Neto p. 44
1992	Ensifera Carpenter p. 155
1997	Ensifera Papier et al.
2001	Ensifera Wappler p. 89
2004	Ensifera Kukalová-Peck and Lawrence
2006	Ensifera Gorochov et al. p. 642
2012	Acridiites Eades et al.
2012	Ensifera Eades et al.
2015	Ensifera Song et al.

References

Gorochov A. V., Jarzembowski E. A., et al (2006) Grasshoppers and crickets (Insecta: Orthoptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of southern England, Cretaceous Research 27, 641-662

Germar E. F. Die versteinerten Insecten Solenhofens, Nova Acta Physico-Medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum 19 1, 187-222

Heer O. , Die Urwelt der Schweiz, 1-622

Handlirsch A. (1906) Die Fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der Rezenten Formen, parts I-IV, Ein Handbuch fur Palaontologen und Zoologen, 1-640

Theobald N. (1937) Les insectes fossiles des terrains oligocènes de France, Bulletin Mensuel (Mémoires) de la Société des Sciences de Nancy 1, 1-473

Kuhn O. (1938) Drei neue Insekten aus dem Mesozoikum von Bayern, Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 20, 318-320

Zeuner F. E. (1941) The Eocene Insects of the Ardtun Beds, Isle of Mull, Scotland, The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Eleventh Series 7, 82-100

Riek E. F. (1954) Further Triassic insects from Brookvale, NSW (orders Orthoptera Saltatoria, Protorthoptera, Perlaria), Records of the Australian Museum 23 4, 161-168 doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.23.1954.630

Riek E. F. (1955) Fossil insects from the Triassic beds at Mt. Crosby, Queensland, Australian Journal of Zoology 3 4, 654-691

Zeuner F. E. (1962) Fossil insects from the Lower Lias of Charmouth, Dorset, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 7, 155-171

Sharov A. G. (1968) Filogeniya ortopteroidnykh nasekomykh, Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR 118, 1-216

Riek E. F. (1974) Upper Triassic Insects from the Molteno "Formation", South Africa, Palaeontologia Africana 17, 19-31

Whalley P. E. S. (1985) The systematics and palaeogeography of the Lower Jurassic insects of Dorset, England, Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Geology) 39 3, 107-189

Martins-Neto R. G. (1991) Sistemática dos Ensifera (Insecta, Orthopteroida) da formação Santana, Cretáceo Inferior do Nordeste do Brasil, Acta Geologica Leopoldensia 14 32, 5-160

Carpenter F. M. (1992) , Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part R, Arthropoda 4: Superclass Hexapoda 3/4, 1-655

Papier F., Nel A., et al (1997) La plus ancienne sauterelle Tettigoniidae, Orthoptera (Trias, NE France): mimetisme ou exaptation?, Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 71 1/2, 71-77

Wappler T. (2001) New orthopteroid insects from the Upper Triassic Molteno Formation, Karoo Basin, southern Africa, Acta Geologica Leopoldensia 24 52/53, 87-104

Kukalová-Peck J., Lawrence J. F. (2004) Relationships among coleopteran suborders and major endoneopteran lineages: Evidence from hind wing characters, European Journal of Entomology 101, 95-144

Eades D. C., Otte D., et al (2012) , Orthoptera Species File Online

Song H. J., Amédégnato C., et al (2015) 300 million years of diversification: elucidating the patterns of orthopteran evolution based on comprehensive taxon and gene sampling, Cladistics

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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