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Scaphiopus

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	37454	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=37454

Rank

genus (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Anura : Pelobatidae : Scaphiopus

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Temnospondyli
-	Lissamphibia
-	Batrachia
order	Salientia	Laurenti 1768
order	Anura
superfamily	Pelobatoidea	Laurent 1979
family	Pelobatidae	Lataste 1879
genus	Scaphiopus	Holbrook 1836

Common Name

spadefoot toad

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Scaphiopus	genus	belongs to Scaphiopidae	stated with evidence	Cope, 1875
Scaphiopus	genus	belongs to Pelobatidae	stated with evidence	Zweifel, 1956
Scaphiopus	genus	belongs to Pelobatidae	stated without evidence	Estes and Tihen, 1964
Scaphiopus	genus	belongs to Pelobatidae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Scaphiopus	genus	belongs to Pelobatidae	stated with evidence	Henrici, 1994
Scaphiopus	genus	belongs to Pelobatinae	stated without evidence	Sanchiz, 1998
Scaphiopus	genus	belongs to Pelobatidae	stated with evidence	Henrici and Haynes, 2006

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

6 (86%)

First Recorded Appearance

37.2 - 33.9 Ma
Paleogene

Environment

brackish,freshwater,terrestrial (based on Tetrapoda)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Temnospondyli)

Diet

carnivore (based on Temnospondyli)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Scaphiopus (Scaphiopus) subgenus	listed (PBDB)		15	20.4 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Scaphiopus couchii species	listed (PBDB)	Couch's Spadefoot Toad			0 Ma Extant

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1836	Scaphiopus Holbrook
1875	Scaphiopus Cope p. 31
1956	Scaphiopus Zweifel p. 16
1964	Scaphiopus Estes and Tihen p. 457
1965	Scaphiopus Lynch p. 73
1981	Scaphiopus Holman and Sullivan p. 138

Year	Name and Author
1988	Scaphiopus Carroll
1994	Scaphiopus Henrici
1996	Scaphiopus Frank and Ramus
1998	Scaphiopus Sanchiz
2006	Scaphiopus Henrici and Haynes p. 24
2009	Scaphiopus Henrici p. 280

References

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Cope E. D. Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia; with a systematic list of the higher groups, and an essay on geographical distribution. Based on the specimens contained in the U. S. National Museum, Bulletin of the United States National Museum 1, 1-109

Zweifel R. G. (1956) Two pelobatid frogs from the Tertiary of North America and their relationships to fossil and recent forms, American Museum Novitates 1762, 1-45

Estes R., Tihen J. A. (1964) Lower vertebrates from the Valentine Formation of Nebraska, American Midland Naturalist 72 2, 453-472

Lynch J. D. (1965) The Pleistocene amphibians of Pit II, Arredondo, Florida, Copeia 1965 1, 72-77

Holman J. A., Sullivan R. M. (1981) A small herpetofauna from the type section of the Valentine Formation (Miocene: Barstovian), Cherry County, Nebraska, Journal of Paleontology 55 1, 138-144

Henrici A.C. (1994) Tephrodytes brassicarvalis, new genus and species (Anura: Pelodytidae), from the Arikareean Cabbage Patch beds of Montana, USA, and pelodytid-pelobatid relationships, Annals of Carnegie Museum 63 2, 155-183

Frank N., Ramus E. (1996) A Complete Guide to Scientific and Common Names of Reptiles and Amphibians of the World, 1-377

Sanchiz B. (1998) Salientia, Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie 4

Henrici A. C., Haynes S. R. (2006) Elkobatrachus brocki, a new pelobatid (Amphibia: Anura) from the Eocene Elko Formation of Nevada, Annals of Carnegie Museum 75 1, 11-35

Henrici A. C. (2009) Reassessment of Scaphiopus neuter Kluge, 1966 (Anura: Pelobatoidea: Pelobatidae), based on new material from Anceney, Montana (early Barstovian), Annals of Carnegie Museum 78 3, 273-287

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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