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Placentalia

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	91965	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=91965

Rank

unranked clade (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Placentalia

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
-	Placentalia	Owen 1837

Common Name

placental

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Placentalia	unranked clade	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Owen, 1837
Placentalia	subclass	subjective synonym of Eutheria	stated with evidence	Gadow, 1898
Placentalia	order	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Olson, 1966
Placentalia	unranked clade	belongs to Theria	stated without evidence	McKenna and Bell, 1997
Placentalia	unranked clade	belongs to Mammalia	stated without evidence	Seiffert and Simons, 2000
Placentalia	unranked clade	belongs to Eutheria	stated with evidence	Horovitz, 2003
Placentalia	unranked clade	belongs to Eutheria	stated without evidence	Averianov and Archibald, 2005
Placentalia	unranked clade	belongs to Theria	stated without evidence	Shoshani and Tassy, 2005
Placentalia	unranked clade	belongs to Eutheria	stated with evidence	Wible et al., 2007
Placentalia	unranked clade	belongs to Eutheria	stated without evidence	Asher and Helgen, 2010
Placentalia	unranked clade	belongs to Eutheria	stated with evidence	Luo et al., 2011

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

12,068

Extant Size (PBDB)

2,387 (20%)

First Recorded Appearance

130 - 113 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous

Environment

terrestrial (based on Eutheria)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

insectivore (based on Mammaliaformes)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

R. Owen. 1837. Teeth. The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Lipotyphla order	listed (PBDB)		2,099	63.3 Ma Paleocene	0 Ma Extant
Panameriungulata order	listed (PBDB)
Perissodactyla order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Odd-toed Ungulate	12,474	59.2 Ma Paleocene	0 Ma Extant
Petrolemuridae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	61.7 Ma Paleocene	58.7 Ma Paleocene
Pseudorhyncocyonidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		26	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	37.2 Ma Eocene
Ishatherium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Tingamarra ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Afrotheria unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		5,149	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Americatheria unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		2,901	58.7 Ma Paleocene	0 Ma Extant
Boreoeutheria unranked clade	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Educabilia unranked clade	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Epitheria unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		77	93.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Euarchontoglires unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		25,800	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Exafroplacentalia unranked clade	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Ineducabilia unranked clade	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Laurasiatheria unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		17,130	93.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Mutilata unranked clade	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1837	Placentalia Owen p. 903
1850	Placentalia Bonaparte p. 1
1872	Monodelphia Gill p. 45
1889	Monodelphia Cope p. 874
1902	Monodelphia Hay p. 571
1930	Monodelphia Hay p. 396
1937	Monodelphia Thorpe p. 31
1966	Placentalia Olson p. 302
1996	Ungulatomorpha Archibald
1997	Ungulatomorpha Averianov p. 249
1997	Placentalia McKenna and Bell p. 80
1998	Ungulatomorpha Archibald

Year	Name and Author
1998	Ungulatomorpha Nessov et al. p. 45
1999	Atlantogenata Waddell et al. p. cover
2000	Placentalia Seiffert and Simons p. 2646
2003	Placentalia Horovitz
2004	Ungulatomorpha Kielan-Jaworowska et al. pp. 494, 509
2005	Placentalia Averianov and Archibald p. 595
2005	Placentalia Shoshani and Tassy p. 9 figs. Table 2
2007	Placentalia Wible et al.
2010	Atlantogenata Asher and Helgen p. 3 figs. Figure 1
2010	Placentalia Asher and Helgen p. 3 figs. Figure 1
2011	Placentalia Luo et al. p. 444

References

Owen R. Teeth, The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology, 864-935

Bonaparte C.-L. , Conspectus Systematis Mastozoologiae. Editio Altera Reformata [Survey of the system of mammals. Second revised edition]. E. J. Brill, Leyden, 1

Gill T. Arrangement of the Families of Mammals, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 11 230, 1-98

Cope E. D. Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata, The American Naturalist 23, 1-29

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Hay O. P. (1930) Second Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America, Carnegie Institution of Washington 390 II, 1-1074

Thorpe M. R. (1937) The Merycoidodontidae, an extinct group of ruminant mammals, Peabody Museum of Natural History Memoir 3 4, 1-428

Olson E. C. (1966) Community evolution and the origin of mammals, Ecology 47 2, 291-302

Averianov A. O. (1997) New Late Cretaceous mammals of southern Kazakhstan, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 42 2, 243-256

McKenna M. C., Bell S. K. (1997) , Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level, 1-640

Archibald J. D. (1998) Archaic ungulates ("Condylarthra"), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America 1, 292-331

Nessov L. A., Archibald J. D., et al (1998) Ungulate-like mammals from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan and a phylogenetic analysis of Ungulatomorpha, Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 34, 40-88

Waddell P. J., Okada N., et al (1999) Towards resolving the interordinal relationships of placental mammals, Systematic Biology 48 1, 1-5

Seiffert E. R., Simons E. L. (2000) Widanelfarasia, a diminutive placental from the late Eocene of Egypt, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97 6, 2646-2651

Horovitz I. (2003) Postcranial skeleton of Ukhaatherium nessovi (Eutheria, Mammalia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 4, 857-868

Kielan-Jaworowska Z., Cifelli R. L., et al (2004) Mammals from the age of dinosaurs: Origins, evolution, and structure, Columbia University Press, New York, 1-630

Averianov A., Archibald J. D. (2005) Mammals from the mid-Cretaceous Khodzhakul Formation, Kyzylkum Desert, Uzbekistan, Cretaceous Research 26 4, 593-608

Shoshani J., Tassy P. (2005) Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior, Quaternary International 126-128, 5-20

Wible J. R., Rougier G. W., et al (2007) Cretaceous eutherians and Laurasian origin for placental mammals near the K/T boundary, Nature 447, 1003-1006

Asher R. J., Helgen K. M. (2010) Nomenclature and placental mammal phylogeny, BMC Evolutionary BIology 10 102, 1-9

Luo Z.-X., Yuan C.-X., et al (2011) A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals, Nature 476, 442-445 doi:10.1038/nature10291

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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