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Euenantiornithes ✝

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	98805	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=98805

Rank

superorder (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Euenantiornithes

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Archosauromorpha
-	Crocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
-	Eucrocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauria
informal	Avemetatarsalia	Benton 1999
-	Ornithodira	Gauthier 1986
-	Dinosauromorpha	Benton 1985
-	Dinosauriformes	Novas 1992
-	Dinosauria
-	Saurischia
-	Theropoda
-	Neotheropoda	Bakker 1986
-	Averostra	Paul 2002
-	Tetanurae	Gauthier 1986
order	Avetheropoda	Paul 1988
suborder	Coelurosauria	Huene 1914
-	Maniraptora	Gauthier 1986
-	Paraves	Sereno 1997
class	Aves	Linnaeus 1758
-	Pygostylia	Chiappe 2002
-	Ornithothoraces	Chiappe and Calvo 1994
subclass	Enantiornithes	Walker 1981
superorder	Euenantiornithes	Chiappe 2002

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Euenantiornithes	superorder	belongs to Enantiornithes	stated with evidence	Chiappe, 2002
Euenantiornithes	superorder	belongs to Palaeoaves	stated with evidence	Livezey and Zusi, 2007
Euenantiornithes	superorder	belongs to Enantiornithes	stated with evidence	Cau and Arduini, 2008

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

145 - 125 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous

Last Recorded Appearance

70.6 - 66.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous

Environment

terrestrial (based on Theropoda)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Theropoda)

Diet

carnivore (based on Coelurosauria)

Reproduction

oviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)

Ontogeny

accretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

B. C. Livezey and R. L. Zusi. 2007. Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149(1):1-95

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Apsaraviformes ✝ order	listed (PBDB)
Rahonaviformes ✝ order	listed (PBDB)
Cratoavis ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Dalingheornis ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	129 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	129 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Elbretornis ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	2	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Enantiornis ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	4	93.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Grabauornis ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	1	129 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	129 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Martinavis ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	6	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1999	Liaoxiornis Hou and Chen p. 834 figs. 1-3
1999	Liaoxiornis delicatus Hou and Chen p. 835 figs. 1-3
1999	Lingyuanornis Ji and Ji
1999	Lingyuanornis parvus Ji and Ji
1999	Liaoxiornis delicatus Wang et al. p. 3
2002	Euenantiornithes Chiappe
2007	Euenantiornithes Livezey and Zusi p. 89
2008	Euenantiornithes Cau and Arduini
2010	Liaoxiornis Zhou and Wang

References

Livezey B. C., Zusi R. L. (2007) Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 1, 1-95

Cau A., Arduini P. (2008) Enantiophoenix electrophyla gen. et sp. nov. (Aves, Enantiornithes) from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Lebanon and its phylogenetic relationships, Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 149 2, 293-324

Zhou Z. -H., Wang Y. (2010) Vertebrate diversity of the Jehol Biota as compared with other Lagerstätten, Science China, Earth Sciences 53 12, 1895-1907 doi:10.1007/s11430-010-4094-9

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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