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Hexanchidae

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Notorynchus sp.

Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium

Notorynchus sp.

Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium

Notorynchus sp.

Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium

Notorynchus sp.

Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium

Notorynchus sp.

Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium

Notorynchus sp.

Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium

Notorynchus sp.

Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium

Notorynchus sp.

Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium

Description

Cow sharks are a family, the Hexanchidae, of sharks characterized by an additional pair or pairs of gill slits. Its 37 species are placed within the 10 genera Gladioserratus, Heptranchias, Hexanchus, Notidanodon, Notorynchus, Pachyhexanchus, Paraheptranchias, Pseudonotidanus, Welcommia, and Weltonia.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexanchidae, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2204	https://www.gbif.org/species/2204
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	83104	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=83104

Rank

family

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Hexanchiformes : Hexanchidae

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Chondrichthyes : Hexanchiformes : Hexanchidae

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
class	Chondrichthyes	Huxley 1880
subclass	Elasmobranchii	Bonaparte 1838
infraclass	Euselachii
-	Neoselachii	Compagno 1977
order	Squalomorphii	Compagno 1973
order	Hexanchiformes	de Buen 1926
family	Hexanchidae	Gray 1851

Common Name

cow shark

Scientific Name

Hexanchidae

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Hexanchidae	family	belongs to Hexanchoidea	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Hexanchidae	family	belongs to Opistharthri	stated without evidence	Jordan, 1963
Hexanchidae	family	belongs to Hexanchiformes	stated without evidence	Welton, 1974
Hexanchidae	family	belongs to Hexanchoidea	stated without evidence	Kumar and Loyal, 1987
Hexanchidae	family	belongs to Hexanchiformes	stated without evidence	Long, 1992

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

9 (24%)

First Recorded Appearance

269 - 265 Ma
Permian

Environment

marine (based on Vertebrata)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Hexanchiformes)

Diet

carnivore (based on Hexanchiformes)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

R. W. Purdy, V. P. Schneider, and S. P. Applegate, J. H. McLellan, R. L. Meyer, B. H. Slaughter. 2001. The Neogene sharks, rays, and bony fishes from Lee Creek Mine, Aurora, North Carolina. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 90:71-202

Common Name(s)

Cow Sharks, Sevengill Sharks, Sixgill Sharks, Grisets, Tiburones Cañabota, Kamtandhajar, Cow Shark, Kamtannhaifamilien, カグラザメ

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexanchidae

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Gladioserratus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Heptranchias genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Sevengill Shark	21	72.1 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Hexanchus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Sixgill Shark	69	191 Ma Early Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Monopterhinus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)
Notidanion ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)
Notidanodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		14	133 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	61.6 Ma Paleocene
Notidanus genus	listed (PBDB)		27	157 Ma Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Notorhynchus genus	listed (PBDB)	Sevengill Shark	53	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	0 Ma Extant
Notorynchus genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		19	59.2 Ma Paleocene	0 Ma Extant

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Heptranchidae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Chordata : Elasmobranchii : Hexanchiformes : Heptranchidae

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1851	Hexanchidae Gray
1902	Hexanchidae Hay p. 300
1963	Hexanchidae Jordan p. 597
1974	Hexanchidae Welton p. 6
1983	Hexanchidae Bendix-Almgreen p. 2
1983	Hexanchidae Thies p. 11
1987	Hexanchidae Kumar and Loyal p. 62
1992	Hexanchidae Long p. 14
1993	Hexanchidae Cvancara and Hoganson p. 3

Year	Name and Author
1993	Hexanchidae Long et al. p. 655
1994	Hexanchidae Cione and Reguero p. 5
1997	Hexanchidae Case and Cappetta p. 134
1997	Hexanchidae Siverson p. 455
2000	Hexanchidae Rees p. 412
2006	Hexanchidae Underwood p. 234
2007	Hexanchidae Carnevale
2018	Hexanchidae Kent p. 55

References

Purdy R. W., Schneider V. P., et al (2001) The Neogene sharks, rays, and bony fishes from Lee Creek Mine, Aurora, North Carolina, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 90, 71-202

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Jordan D. S. (1963) The Genera of Fishes and a Classification of Fishes, Stanford University Press, 1-816

Welton B. J. (1974) Heptranchias howellii (Reed, 1946) (Selachii: Hexanchidae) in the Eocene of the United States and British Columbia, PaleoBios 17, 1-15

Bendix-Almgreen S. E. (1983) Carcharodon megalodon from the Upper Miocene of Denmark, with comments on elasmobranch tooth enameloid: coronoi'n, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 32, 1-32

Thies D. (1983) Jurazeitliche Neoselachier aus Deutschland und S-England (Jurassic neoselachians from German and S-England), Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 58, 1-116

Kumar K., Loyal R. S. (1987) Eocene ichthyofauna from the Subathu Formation, Northwestern Himalaya, India., Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 32, 60-84

Long D. J. (1992) Sharks from the La Meseta Formation (Eocene), Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12 1, 11-32

Cvancara A. M., Hoganson J. W. (1993) Vertebrates of the Cannonball Formation (Paleocene) in North and South Dakota, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13 1, 1-23

Long D. J., Murphy M. A., et al (1993) A New World occurrence of Notidanodon lanceolatus (Chondrichthyes, Hexanchidae) and comments on hexanchid shark evolution, Journal of Paleontology 67 4, 655-659

Cione A. L., Reguero M. A. (1994) New records of the sharks Isurus and Hexanchus from the Eocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica, Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 105, 1-14

Case G. R., Cappetta H. (1997) A new Selachian Fauna from the Late Maastrichtian of Texas (Upper Cretaceous/Navarroan; Kemp Formation), Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen (A) 34, 131-189

Siverson M. (1997) Sharks from the mid-Cretaceous Gearle Siltstone, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17 3, 453-465

Rees J. (2000) A new Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) neoselachian shark fauna from southern Sweden, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 45 4, 407-424

Underwood C. J. (2006) Diversification of the Neoselachii (Chondrichthyes) during the Jurassic and Cretaceous, Paleobiology 32 2, 215-235

Carnevale G. (2007) Fossil fishes from the Serravallian (Middle Miocene) of Torricella Peligna, Italy, Palaeontographia Italica 91, 1-67

Kent B. W. (2018) The Cartilaginous Fishes (Chimaeras, Sharks, and Rays) of Calvert Cliffs, Maryland, USA, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 100, 45-160

Moore, Jon A., Karsten E. Hartel, James E. Craddock, and John K. Galbraith, 2003: An annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the New England region, with new area records. Northeastern Naturalist, vol. 10, no. 2. 159-248. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

ERMS (2008) The European Register of Marine Species (www.marbef.org/data/erms.php -- uppdateras kontinuerligt) - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

WoRMS (2016) Accessed through World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Compagno, Leonard J. V., 1984: Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis, no. 125, vol. 4, pt. 1. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Nelson, Joseph S., 1994: null. Fishes of the World, Third Edition. xvii + 600. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Benton, M.J. (ed). (1993). The Fossil Record 2. Chapman & Hall, London, 845 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Parker, S.P. (ed). (1982). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2 volumes. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

WoRMS (Mar 2013) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Eschmeyer online (Jul 2012) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

FishBase - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N. & Van der Laan, R. (eds). (2019). Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References. Electronic version accessed dd mmm 2019. - via World Register of Marine Species

Van Der Laan, R.; Eschmeyer, W. N.; Fricke, R. (2014). Family-group names of Recent fishes. Zootaxa. 3882(1): 1-230. - via World Register of Marine Species

van der Land, J.; Costello, M.J.; Zavodnik, D.; Santos, R.S.; Porteiro, F.M.; Bailly, N.; Eschmeyer, W.N.; Froese, R. (2001). Pisces, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 357-374 - via World Register of Marine Species

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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