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Bison

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Bison antiquus

Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska, USA

Bison sp.

Folsom Site, Colfax County, New Mexico, USA

Bison antiquus

Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska, USA

Bison sp.

Folsom Site, Colfax County, New Mexico, USA

Bison antiquus

Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska, USA

Bison sp.

Folsom Site, Colfax County, New Mexico, USA

Description

Bison are large, even-toed ungulates in the genus Bison within the subfamily Bovinae.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2441175	https://www.gbif.org/species/2441175
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	42751	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42751

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Bison

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : Bison

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
order	Ungulata
order	Artiodactyla	Owen 1848
-	Ruminantiamorpha	Spaulding et al. 2009
-	Ruminantia
-	Pecora
family	Bovidae	Gray 1821
subfamily	Bovinae
tribe	Bovini	Gray 1821
subtribe	Bovina	Gray 1821
genus	Bison	Smith 1827

Common Name

bison

Scientific Name

Bison Smith, 1827

Name Published In

in Griffith’s Cuvier, Anim. Kingd., Mamm. Syn.: 373

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Bison	genus	belongs to Bovidae	stated without evidence	Hamilton-Smith, 1827
Bison	genus	belongs to Ruminantia	stated without evidence	Leidy, 1860
Bison	genus	belongs to Bovidae	stated with evidence	Leidy, 1873
Bison	genus	belongs to Bovinae	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Bison	genus	belongs to Bovidae	stated without evidence	Schultz and Howard, 1935
Bison	genus	belongs to Bovinae	stated without evidence	Kurten and Anderson, 1980
Bison	genus	belongs to Bovidae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Bison	genus	belongs to Bovina	stated with evidence	Hassanin and Douzery, 1999
Bison	genus	belongs to Bovini	stated without evidence	Grubb, 2001
Bison	genus	belongs to Bovinae	stated without evidence	Agnarsson and May-Collado, 2008

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

3 (33%)

First Recorded Appearance

16.0 - 2.6 Ma
Cenozoic

Environment

terrestrial (based on Artiodactyla)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

grazer

Reproduction

viviparous (based on Bovidae)

Ecospace Comments

based on Walker (1975); also a grazer during the Pleistocene based on stable isotopes (MacFadden and Cerling 1996)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. Alroy. 2002. Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals.

Common Name(s)

Bison

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Bison alaskensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	1.80 Ma Pleistocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Bison antiquus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		39	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0.01 Ma Pleistocene
Bison bison species	listed (PBDB)	American Bison	15	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Bison bison ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Bison bonasus species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Bison francisi species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Bos priscus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		39	16.0 Ma Miocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Bison schoetensacki species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Bos latifrons ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		31	3.60 Ma Pliocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Bonasus Fitzinger, 1860	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Bonasus*
Urus Swainson, 1835	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Urus*
Stelabison Figgins, 1933	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Stelabison*
Urus Bojanus, 1827	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae : *Urus*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1827	Bison Hamilton-Smith
1846	Harlanus Owen
1860	Bison Leidy p. 109
1873	Bison Leidy p. 318
1902	Bison Hay p. 688
1930	Simobison Hay and Cook
1933	Stelabison Figgins

Year	Name and Author
1935	Bison Schultz and Howard p. 292
1967	Bison Wilson p. 219
1980	Bison Kurten and Anderson p. 335
1988	Bison Carroll
1999	Bison Hassanin and Douzery p. 899
2001	Bison Grubb p. 375
2008	Bison Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 980 figs. Fig. 5

References

Alroy J. (2002) Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals

Leidy J. Description of Vertebrate Fossils, Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South-Carolina, 99-122

Leidy J. Part I. Contributions to the extinct vertebrate fauna of the western territories, Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories 1, 1-358

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Schultz C. B., Howard E. B. (1935) The fauna of Burnet Cave, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 87, 273-298

Wilson R. L. (1967) The Pleistocene vertebrates of Michigan, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 52, 197-234

Kurten B., Anderson E. (1980) , Pleistocene mammals of North America, 1-442

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Hassanin A., Douzery E. J. P. (1999) Evolutionary affinities of the enigmatic saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis) in the context of the molecular phylogeny of Bovidae, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 266, 893-900

Grubb R. (2001) Review of family-group names of living bovids, Journal of Mammalogy 82 2, 374-388

Agnarsson I., May-Collado L. J. (2008) The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: The importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48, 964-985

de Jong, Y.S.D.M. (ed.) (2017) Fauna Europaea version 2.6. Web Service available online at http://www.faunaeur.org - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Aronsson, M. (2016) Exceldokument: Främmande arter grunddata.xls Skapat 2016-10-25 - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 2005: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2. 2142. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 1992: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. xviii + 1207. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Wilson, Don E., and Sue Ruff, eds., 1999: null. The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. xxv + 750. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (editors). (2005). Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd Ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 2,142 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

McMillan,B. R.,Cottam,M. R.,Kaufman,D. W. (2000) Wallowing behavior of American bison (Bos bison) in tallgrass prairie: an examination of alternate explanations - via Phthiraptera.info

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997, PaleoDB - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

in Griffith's Cuvier, Anim. Kingd., Mamm. Syn. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole, 2000: null. Common Names of Mammals of the World. xiv + 204. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Opinion 91 Thirty-five generic names of Mammals placed on the Official List of Generic Names.Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 73(4), 1 (1926) - via Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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