Learning Center What is a mineral?The most common minerals on earth Information for Educators Mindat Articles The Elements The Rock H. Currier Digital Library Geologic Time

Minerals by Properties Minerals by Chemistry Advanced Locality Search Random Mineral Random Locality Search by minID Localities Near Me Search Articles Search Glossary More Search Options

The Mindat Manual Add a New Photo Rate Photos Locality Edit Report Coordinate Completion Report Add Glossary Item

Mining Companies Statistics Users Mineral Museums Clubs & Organizations Mineral Shows & Events The Mindat Directory Device Settings The Mineral Quiz

Photo Search Photo Galleries Search by Color New Photos Today New Photos Yesterday Members' Photo Galleries Past Photo of the Day Gallery Photography

BETA TEST - Fossil data and pages are very much experimental and under development. Please report any problems

Bovidae

Photos

Photo Gallery

Bison antiquus

Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska, USA

Bison sp.

Folsom Site, Colfax County, New Mexico, USA

Bison antiquus

Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska, USA

Bison sp.

Folsom Site, Colfax County, New Mexico, USA

Bison antiquus

Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska, USA

Bison sp.

Folsom Site, Colfax County, New Mexico, USA

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	42742	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42742

Rank

family (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Bovidae

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
order	Ungulata
order	Artiodactyla	Owen 1848
-	Ruminantiamorpha	Spaulding et al. 2009
-	Ruminantia
-	Pecora
family	Bovidae	Gray 1821

Common Name

antelope

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Bovidae	family	belongs to Ruminantes	stated without evidence	Gray, 1821
Bovidae	family	belongs to Ungulata	stated without evidence	Gray, 1825
Bovidae	family	belongs to Pecora	stated without evidence	Bonaparte, 1850
Bovidae	family	belongs to Ruminantia	stated with evidence	Leidy, 1873
Bovidae	family	belongs to Pecora	stated without evidence	Flower, 1883
Bovidae	family	belongs to Artiodactyla	stated without evidence	Cope, 1889
Bovidae	family	belongs to Pecora	stated without evidence	Flower and Lydekker, 1891
Bovidae	family	belongs to Booidea	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Bovidae	family	belongs to Pecora	stated with evidence	Matthew, 1908
Bovidae	family	belongs to Ruminantia	stated without evidence	Gregory, 1910
Bovidae	family	belongs to Artiodactyla	stated without evidence	Kurten and Anderson, 1980
Bovidae	family	belongs to Ruminantia	stated without evidence	Thurmond and Jones, 1981
Bovidae	family	belongs to Bovoidea	implied	Carroll, 1988
Bovidae	family	belongs to Artiodactyla	implied	Nowak, 1991
Bovidae	family	belongs to Pecora	stated with evidence	Hassanin and Douzery, 2003
Bovidae	family	belongs to Bovoidea	stated without evidence	Mead and Taylor, 2005
Bovidae	family	belongs to Artiodactyla	stated without evidence	Croft et al., 2006
Bovidae	family	belongs to Pecora	stated without evidence	Agnarsson and May-Collado, 2008
Bovidae	family	belongs to Pecora	stated with evidence	Spaulding et al., 2009
Bovidae	family	belongs to Artiodactyla	stated without evidence	Cregut-Bonnoure and Tsoukala, 2017

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

582

Extant Size (PBDB)

224 (38%)

First Recorded Appearance

33.9 - 28.4 Ma
Oligocene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Artiodactyla)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

grazer, browser (based on Bovidae)

Reproduction

viviparous (based on Bovidae)

Ecospace Comments

life habit and diet based on Nowak 1999

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. E. Gray. 1821. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals. The London Medical Repository Monthly Journal and Review 15:296-310

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Antilopinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		2,992	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Bovinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		1,485	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Caprinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		186	16.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Hippotraginae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)
Hypsodontinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)		1	13.7 Ma Miocene	13.7 Ma Miocene
Peleinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Tragelaphinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)
Urmiatheriinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)		8	11.6 Ma Miocene	8.70 Ma Miocene
Antilopina tribe	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Camelopardalina tribe	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Caprina tribe	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Oiocerini ✝ tribe	listed (PBDB)		22	23.0 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Antilospira ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	8.70 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Bos genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		10	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Bootherium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		45	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Brabovus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	5.33 Ma Miocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Bucapra ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Cambayella ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Criotherium ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	11.6 Ma Miocene	8.70 Ma Miocene
Bohlinella ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Dorcadoryx ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	9.70 Ma Miocene	8.70 Ma Miocene
Dorcadoxa ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Eosyncerus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Euceratherium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Shrub-ox	23	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Gallogoral ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		11	5.33 Ma Miocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Gazellospira ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		34	11.6 Ma Miocene	0.78 Ma Pleistocene
Gentrytragus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Gobiocerus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Hanhaicerus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Helicoportax ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	16.0 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Prostrepsiceros ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	11.6 Ma Miocene	8.70 Ma Miocene
Hemibos ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	5.33 Ma Miocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Hemistrepsiceros ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Hesperidoceras ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	5.33 Ma Miocene	0.78 Ma Pleistocene
Hezhengia ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Kabulicornis ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Kobikeryx ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Kubanotragus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	13.7 Ma Miocene	13.7 Ma Miocene
Leptobos ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		65	16.0 Ma Miocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Leptotragus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Liops ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)
Lyrocerus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Megalovis ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	5.33 Ma Miocene	0.78 Ma Pleistocene
Mesembriacerus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Mesembriportax ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	23.0 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Microtragus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)
Moschiola genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Namacerus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Neotragocerus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	23.0 Ma Miocene	4.90 Ma Pliocene
Nisidorcas ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	11.6 Ma Miocene	8.70 Ma Miocene
Olonbulukia ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Oreonager ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Orygotherium ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	16.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Pachygazella ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	8.70 Ma Miocene	8.70 Ma Miocene
Pachyportax ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	16.0 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Pachytragus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	13.8 Ma Miocene	8.70 Ma Miocene
Palaeoreas ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		19	11.6 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Palaeoryx ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		28	16.0 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Paraprotoryx ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Paratragocerus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	13.7 Ma Miocene	13.7 Ma Miocene
Parurmiatherium ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Perimia ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Platybos ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Pliotragus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		10	5.33 Ma Miocene	0.78 Ma Pleistocene
Proamphibos ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	3.60 Ma Pliocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Procamptoceras ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	5.33 Ma Miocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Procobus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Prodamaliscus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Proleptobos ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Prosinotragus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Prostrepsiceros ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		17	16.0 Ma Miocene	7.75 Ma Miocene
Protragelaphus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	11.6 Ma Miocene	8.70 Ma Miocene
Protragocerus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		14	16.0 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Pseudobos ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Pseudoeotragus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	16.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Pseudotragus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		14	16.0 Ma Miocene	8.70 Ma Miocene
Pultiphagonides ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Qurliqnoria ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	11.6 Ma Miocene	4.90 Ma Pliocene
Rhynchotragus genus	listed (PBDB)	Bontebok	1	11.6 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Rhynotragus genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Ruticeros ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Samokeros ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Selenoportax ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		11	11.6 Ma Miocene	8.70 Ma Miocene
Shensispira ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Sinoreas ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Sinoryx ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	3.60 Ma Pliocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Sinotragus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	8.70 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Sivacapra ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Sivaceros ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	16.0 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Sivaportax ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Sivatragus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Sivoryx ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Spirocerus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	5.33 Ma Miocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Sporadotragus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	11.6 Ma Miocene	8.70 Ma Miocene
Strepsiportax ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	16.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Strogulognathus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	16.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Tchaltacerus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Tethytragus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	23.0 Ma Miocene	23.0 Ma Miocene
Toribos genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Torticornis ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	8.70 Ma Miocene	8.70 Ma Miocene
Tossunnoria ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Tragocerus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		38	13.8 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Tragoportax ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		36	11.6 Ma Miocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Tragoreas ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	11.6 Ma Miocene	7.75 Ma Miocene
Tragospira ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	3.20 Ma Pliocene	3.20 Ma Pliocene
Tsaidamotherium ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Turritragus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Wellsiana ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1758	Capra depressa Linnaeus p. 69
1758	Capra reversa Linnaeus p. 69
1821	Bovidae Gray p. 308
1825	Bovidae Gray p. 342
1850	Bovidae Bonaparte p. 1
1873	Bovidae Leidy p. 318
1883	Bovidae Flower p. 185
1889	Bovidae Cope p. 877
1891	Bovidae Flower and Lydekker p. 90
1902	Bovidae Hay p. 686
1908	Bovidae Matthew p. 561
1910	Bovidae Gregory p. 466

Year	Name and Author
1911	Bovidae Jaekel p. 234
1980	Bovidae Kurten and Anderson p. 326
1981	Bovidae Thurmond and Jones p. 190
1988	Bovidae Carroll
1991	Bovidae Nowak
2003	Bovidae Hassanin and Douzery
2005	Bovidae Mead and Taylor p. 3
2006	Bovidae Croft et al. p. 1039
2008	Bovidae Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 974 figs. Fig. 2
2009	Bovidae Spaulding et al.
2017	Bovidae Cregut-Bonnoure and Tsoukala

References

Gray J. E. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals, The London Medical Repository Monthly Journal and Review 15, 296-310

Linnaeus C. , Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1, 1-824 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.542

Gray J. E. An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe, Annals of Philosophy, new series 10, 337-344

Bonaparte C.-L. , Conspectus Systematis Mastozoologiae. Editio Altera Reformata [Survey of the system of mammals. Second revised edition]. E. J. Brill, Leyden, 1

Leidy J. Part I. Contributions to the extinct vertebrate fauna of the western territories, Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories 1, 1-358

Flower W. H. On the arrangement of the Orders and Families of existing Mammalia, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883, 178-186

Cope E. D. Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata, The American Naturalist 23, 1-29

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Matthew W. D. (1908) Osteology of Blastomeryx and phylogeny of the American Cervidae, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 24 27, 535-562

Gregory W. K. (1910) The orders of mammals, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 27, 1-524

Jaekel O. (1911) , Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die Fossilen und Lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An Overview of the Fossil and Living Forms], viii-252

Kurten B., Anderson E. (1980) , Pleistocene mammals of North America, 1-442

Thurmond J. T., Jones D. E. (1981) , Fossil Vertebrates of Alabama, 1-244

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Nowak R. M. (1991) Walker's Mammals of the World, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press (edited volume) II

Hassanin A., Douzery E. J. P. (2003) Molecular and morphological phylogenies of Ruminantia and the alternative position of the Moschidae, Systematic Biology 52 2, 206-228

Mead J. I., Taylor L. H. (2005) New species of Sinocapra (Bovidae, Caprinae) from the lower Pliocene Panaca Formation, Nevada, USA, Palaeontologia Electronica 8 1.11A, 1-10

Croft D. A., Heaney L. R., et al (2006) Fossil remains of a new, diminutive Bubalus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae: Bovini) form Cebu Island, Philippines, Journal of Mammalogy 87 5, 1037-1051

Agnarsson I., May-Collado L. J. (2008) The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: The importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48, 964-985

Spaulding M., O'Leary M. A., et al (2009) Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) among mammals: Increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution, PloS One 4 9, e7062

Cregut-Bonnoure E., Tsoukala E. (2017) The Pliocene Artiodactyla and Proboscidea (Mammalia) from Gephyra (lower Axios valley, Macedonia, Greece). Discovery of a new boselaphine, Quaternary International doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.10.022

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

Quick NavTop Fossil Distribution Subtaxa Synonymy List References

Mindat.org is an outreach project of the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization.
Copyright © mindat.org and the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy 1993-2024, except where stated. Most political location boundaries are © OpenStreetMap contributors. Mindat.org relies on the contributions of thousands of members and supporters. Founded in 2000 by Jolyon Ralph.
Privacy Policy - Terms & Conditions - Contact Us / DMCA issues - Report a bug/vulnerability Current server date and time: May 14, 2024 15:54:45

Go to top of page