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Toxostoma

Description

Toxostoma is a genus of bird in the family Mimidae. All members of this genus are called thrashers, but there are other birds in the family Mimidae also bearing this title. Birds in the genus Toxostoma are considered "typical thrashers", and this genus makes up the largest group of thrashers, all but a few other species occurring each in their own genus. A group of these birds are commonly referred to as a “threat” of thrashers.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)2494943https://www.gbif.org/species/2494943
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)129840https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=129840
Rankgenus
Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Mimidae : Toxostoma
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SauropsidaHuxley 1864
classReptiliaLaurenti 1768
subclassEureptilia
-RomeriidaGauthier et al. 1988
-Diapsida
-Eosuchia
-NeodiapsidaBenton 1985
-SauriaGauthier 1984
-Archosauromorpha
-CrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
-EucrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-Archosauria
informalAvemetatarsaliaBenton 1999
-OrnithodiraGauthier 1986
-DinosauromorphaBenton 1985
-DinosauriformesNovas 1992
-Dinosauria
-Saurischia
-Theropoda
-NeotheropodaBakker 1986
-AverostraPaul 2002
-TetanuraeGauthier 1986
orderAvetheropodaPaul 1988
suborderCoelurosauriaHuene 1914
-ManiraptoraGauthier 1986
-ParavesSereno 1997
classAvesLinnaeus 1758
-PygostyliaChiappe 2002
-OrnithothoracesChiappe and Calvo 1994
-OrnithuromorphaChiappe et al. 1999
subclassOrnithuraeHaeckel 1866
subclassNeornithesGadow 1893
-Neognathae
-NeoavesSibley et al. 1988
-TerrestrornithesLivezey and Zusi 2007
-Dendrornithes
-AnomalogonatesGarrod 1874
-PicoclamatoresLivezey and Zusi 2007
superorderPasserimorphaeSibley et al. 1988
orderPasseriformesLinnaeus 1758
familyMimidaeBonaparte 1853
genusToxostomaWagler 1831
Common NameAmerican thrashers
Scientific NameToxostoma Wagler, 1831
Name Published InWagler, Johann G. 1831. Einige Mittheilungen über Thiere Mexicos. Isis von Oken 24: 510-535.
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Toxostomagenusbelongs to Mimidaestated without evidenceEmslie, 1998
Toxostomagenusbelongs to Mimidaestated with evidenceClements et al., 2017
Status (PBDB)extant
Taxon Size (PBDB)3
Extant Size (PBDB)3 (100%)
First Recorded Appearance1.80 - 0.30 Ma
Pleistocene
Environmentterrestrial (based on Mimidae)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Theropoda)
Dietinsectivore (based on Mimidae)
Reproductionoviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)
Ontogenyaccretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)
Taphonomyhydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)
Primary Reference (PBDB)A. Wetmore. 1962. Notes on fossil and subfossil birds. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 145(2):1-17
Common Name(s) American Thrashers
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxostoma

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Toxostoma bendirei
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Toxostoma cinereum
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Toxostoma crissale
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Toxostoma curvirostre
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Toxostoma dorsalis
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Toxostoma guttatum
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Toxostoma lecontei
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Toxostoma longirostre
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Toxostoma ocellatum
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Toxostoma redivivum
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
California Thrasher10.13 Ma
Pleistocene
0 Ma
Extant
Toxostoma rufum
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Brown Thrasher41.80 Ma
Pleistocene
0 Ma
Extant
Toxostoma vetula
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB

Obsolete Names

NameSourceTaxon RankTaxonomy
Harpes Gambel, 1845GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Mimidae : Harpes
Harporhynchus Cabanis, 1847GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Mimidae : Harporhynchus
Harporynchus Oudemans, 1907GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Mimidae : Harporynchus
Taxostoma Blasius, 1862GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Mimidae : Taxostoma
Harporrhynchus Coues, 1882GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Aves : Passeriformes : Mimidae : Harporrhynchus

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1831Toxostoma Wagler
1998Toxostoma Emslie
2017Toxostoma Clements et al.

References

Wetmore A. (1962) Notes on fossil and subfossil birds, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 145 2, 1-17
Emslie S. D. (1998) Avian community, climate, and sea-level changes in the Plio-Pleistocene of the Florida Peninsula, Ornithological Monographs 50, 1-113
Clements J. F., Schulenberg T. S., et al (2017) , The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017
CoL2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
ITIS (Aug 2011) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Isis, 24 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
SN2000/Monroe Jr. & Sibley, 1993 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes, 2003: null. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Enum. obj. Cab. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Nomenclator Zoologicus (supplementary record created) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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