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Camptosaurus ✝

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Description

Camptosaurus (KAMP-toh-SAWR-əs) is a genus of plant-eating, beaked ornithischian dinosaurs of the Late Jurassic period of western North America and Europe. The name means 'flexible lizard' (Greek καμπτος (kamptos) meaning 'bent' and σαυρος (sauros) meaning 'lizard').

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camptosaurus, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	3238881	https://www.gbif.org/species/3238881
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	38748	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38748

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Camptosaurus

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Ornithischia : Camptosaurus

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Archosauromorpha
-	Crocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
-	Eucrocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauria
informal	Avemetatarsalia	Benton 1999
-	Ornithodira	Gauthier 1986
-	Dinosauromorpha	Benton 1985
-	Dinosauriformes	Novas 1992
-	Dinosauria
-	Ornithischia
-	Neornithischia
-	Ornithopoda
-	Iguanodontia
-	Dryomorpha	Sereno 1986
-	Ankylopollexia	Sereno 1986
genus	Camptosaurus	Marsh 1885

Scientific Name

Camptosaurus Marsh, 1885

Name Published In

Amer. J. Sci., (3) 29

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosauridae	stated without evidence	Marsh, 1885
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontidae	stated without evidence	Lydekker, 1888
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosauridae	stated without evidence	Dollo, 1889
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontidae	stated without evidence	Lydekker, 1889
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosauridae	stated with evidence	Zittel, 1890
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosauridae	stated without evidence	Winkler, 1893
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Ornithopoda	stated without evidence	Marsh, 1894
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosauridae	stated without evidence	Marsh, 1895
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Ornithopoda	stated without evidence	Gadow, 1897
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Ornithopoda	stated with evidence	Gadow, 1898
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosauridae	stated without evidence	Van Den Broeck, 1900
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Ornithopoda	stated with evidence	Gadow, 1901
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosauridae	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontidae	stated without evidence	Mansel-Pleydell, 1902
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Kalodontidae	stated without evidence	Nopcsa, 1902
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosauridae	stated without evidence	Huene, 1909
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontidae	stated with evidence	Tornier, 1913
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontidae	stated without evidence	Matthew, 1915
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Orthopoda	stated without evidence	Joleaud, 1922
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosauridae	stated with evidence	Lull, 1924
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosaurinae	stated with evidence	Nopcsa, 1928
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosaurinae	stated without evidence	Huene, 1934
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontidae	stated with evidence	Swinton, 1936
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontidae	stated without evidence	Swinton, 1936
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontidae	stated with evidence	Lapparent, 1947
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontidae	implied	Romer, 1956
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontidae	stated without evidence	Parsch, 1963
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontidae	stated with evidence	Tatarinov, 1964
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontidae	stated without evidence	Kuhn, 1964
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontidae	implied	Romer, 1966
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontidae	stated without evidence	Swinton, 1970
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosauridae	stated without evidence	Thulborn, 1974
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontidae	stated without evidence	Galton, 1974
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosauridae	stated without evidence	Galton and Jensen, 1979
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontidae	stated without evidence	Madsen and Miller, 1979
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontoidea	stated without evidence	Norman, 1984
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Ankylopollexia	stated with evidence	Sereno, 1986
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontidae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontia	stated without evidence	Norman, 1989
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Ankylopollexia	stated with evidence	Benton, 1990
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosauridae	stated with evidence	Norman and Weishampel, 1990
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontidae	stated without evidence	Miller et al., 1991
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Dryomorpha	stated without evidence	Weishampel and Heinrich, 1992
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosauridae	stated without evidence	Chure et al., 1994
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Ankylopollexia	stated without evidence	Godefroit et al., 1998
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosauridae	stated with evidence	Sereno, 1998
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosauridae	stated without evidence	Mateus and Antunes, 2001
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Ankylopollexia	stated with evidence	Norman, 2004
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosauridae	stated without evidence	Chure et al., 2006
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Ankylopollexia	stated with evidence	McDonald et al., 2010
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Ankylopollexia	stated without evidence	Rich et al., 2010
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosauridae	stated without evidence	Ruiz-Omeñaca et al., 2010
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Styracosterna	stated with evidence	McDonald et al., 2010
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Camptosauridae	stated without evidence	Diedrich, 2011
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Iguanodontia	stated with evidence	Wang et al., 2011
Camptosaurus	genus	belongs to Ankylopollexia	stated with evidence	McDonald, 2012

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

161 - 152 Ma
Jurassic

Last Recorded Appearance

151 - 145 Ma
Late Jurassic

Environment

terrestrial (based on Ornithischia)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Ornithischia)

Diet

herbivore (based on Ornithopoda)

Reproduction

oviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Ornithischia)

Ontogeny

accretion,modification of parts (based on Ornithischia)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Ornithischia)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

O. C. Marsh. 1885. Names of extinct reptiles. American Journal of Science 29:169

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camptosaurus

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Camptosaurus dispar ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		9	157 Ma Jurassic	156 Ma Jurassic

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Symphyrosaurus Cope, 1878	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : *Symphyrosaurus*
Camptonodus Hoffmann, 1880	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : *Camptonodus*
Campotonodus Marsh, 1879	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : *Campotonodus*
Camptonotus Marsh, 1879	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : *Camptonotus*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1878	Symphyrophus Cope
1878	Brachyrophus Cope pp. 390-391
1879	Camptonotus Marsh pp. 501-503 figs. 1, Pl. 3
1882	Camptonotus Dollo
1882	Camptonotus Marsh
1882	Camptonotus Quenstedt p. 188
1882	Camptonotus Sauvage p. 35
1884	Camptonotus Dollo p. 298
1884	Camptonotus Marsh p. 68
1885	Camptosaurus Marsh p. 169
1888	Camptosaurus Lydekker pp. 47-50
1889	Camptosaurus Dollo p. 679
1889	Camptosaurus Lydekker pp. 46-48
1890	Symphyrophus Zittel p. 726
1890	Camptosaurus Zittel p. 755
1893	Camptosaurus Winkler p. 111
1894	Camptosaurus Marsh
1895	Camptosaurus Marsh
1896	Camptosaurus Marsh p. 243
1897	Camptosaurus Gadow p. 205
1898	Camptosaurus Gadow p. 22
1900	Camptosaurus Van Den Broeck p. 86
1901	Camptosaurus Gadow p. 426
1902	Symphyrophus Hay p. 484
1902	Camptosaurus Hay p. 501
1902	Brachyrophus Hay p. 506
1902	Camptosaurus Mansel-Pleydell p. lxxxiii
1902	Camptosaurus Nopcsa pp. 151-152
1909	Symphyrophus Huene p. 15
1909	Camptosaurus Huene p. 16
1909	Brachyrophus Huene p. 18
1911	Symphyrosaurus von Zittel p. 288
1911	Camptosaurus von Zittel p. 289
1911	Brachyrophus von Zittel p. 295
1913	Camptosaurus Tornier p. 371
1915	Camptosaurus Matthew p. 28
1922	Camptosaurus Joleaud p. 62
1924	Camptosaurus Lull p. 238
1925	Camptosaurus Gilmore p. 400
1928	Camptosaurus Nopcsa p. 184
1934	Camptosaurus Huene p. 16
1936	Camptosaurus Swinton p. 215
1947	Camptosaurus Lapparent p. 32
1956	Symphyrophus Romer p. 624
1956	Camptosaurus Romer p. 629
1963	Camptosaurus Parsch p. 7

Year	Name and Author
1964	Camptosaurus Kuhn p. 9
1964	Symphyrophus Tatarinov p. 552
1964	Camptosaurus Tatarinov p. 557
1966	Camptosaurus Romer p. 370
1966	Symphyrophus Romer p. 370
1970	Symphyrophus Steel p. 82
1970	Camptosaurus Swinton p. 214
1974	Camptosaurus Galton pp. 151-152
1974	Camptosaurus Thulborn p. 172
1977	Camptosaurus Galton p. 230
1979	Camptosaurus Galton and Jensen p. 3
1979	Camptosaurus Madsen and Miller p. 5
1981	Camptosaurus Bartholomai and Molnar p. 343
1981	Camptosaurus McIntosh p. 30
1983	Camptosaurus Weishampel and Weishampel p. 44
1984	Camptosaurus Milner and Norman p. 146
1984	Camptosaurus Norman pp. 342-344 fig. 7
1984	Camptosaurus Russell p. 23
1986	Camptosaurus Sereno
1988	Camptosaurus Carroll
1989	Camptosaurus Norman p. 61 fig. 1
1990	Camptosaurus Benton p. 19
1990	Camptosaurus Norman and Weishampel pp. 529-530 fig. 25.36
1991	Camptosaurus Miller et al. p. 40
1992	Camptosaurus Weishampel and Heinrich p. 166
1994	Camptosaurus Chure et al. p. 304
1997	Camptosaurus Sereno p. 449
1998	Camptosaurus Godefroit et al. p. 50 fig. 38
1998	Camptosaurus Sereno p. 62
2001	Camptosaurus Mateus and Antunes pp. 11-12
2004	Camptosaurus Norman p. 415
2006	Camptosaurus Chure et al. p. 237
2006	Camptosaurus Pereda Suberbiola et al. p. 228
2007	Camptosaurus Naish and Martill p. 495
2007	Camptosaurus Ruiz-Omeñaca et al. p. 9
2008	Camptosaurus Butler et al. p. 8
2010	Camptosaurus McDonald et al. p. 33 fig. 39
2010	Camptosaurus McDonald et al. p. 808 fig. 10
2010	Camptosaurus Rich et al. p. 395
2010	Camptosaurus Ruiz-Omeñaca et al. p. 84
2011	Camptosaurus Diedrich p. 145
2011	Camptosaurus Wang et al. p. 155 fig. 11
2012	Camptosaurus McDonald p. 2
2014	Camptosaurus Norman p. 37 fig. 2.30
2018	Camptosaurus Madzia et al. p. 973 fig. 4

References

Marsh O. C. Names of extinct reptiles, American Journal of Science 29, 169

Cope E. D. Descriptions of new extinct Vertebrata from the Upper Tertiary and Dakota Formations, Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories 4 2, 379-396

Marsh O. C. Notice of new Jurassic reptiles, American Journal of Science and Arts 18, 501-505

Dollo L. Première note sur les dinosaures de Bernissart [First note on the dinosaurs of Bernissart], Bulletin du Musée Royale d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique 1, 1-18

Marsh O. C. Classification of the Dinosauria, American Journal of Science 23, 81-86

Sauvage H.-E. Recherches sur les reptiles trouvés dans le Gault de l'est du bassin de Paris [Research on the reptiles found in the Gault of the eastern Paris Basin], Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, série 3 2 4, 1-42

Marsh O. C. The classification and affinities of dinosaurian reptiles, Nature 31, 68-69

Lydekker R. Note on a new Wealden iguanodont and other dinosaurs, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 44, 46-61

Lydekker R. On the remains and affinities of five genera of Mesozoic reptiles, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 45, 41-59

Zittel K. A. v. , Handbuch der Palaeontologie. I. Abteilung Paleozoologie. III. Band. Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves) [Handbook of Paleontology. Division I. Paleozoology. Volume III. Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves)], xii-900

Marsh O. C. The typical Ornithopoda of the American Jurassic, American Journal of Science, series 3 48, 85-90

Marsh O. C. On the affinities and classification of the dinosaurian reptiles, American Journal of Science 50 300, 483-498

Marsh O. C. The dinosaurs of North America, United States Geological Survey, 16th Annual Report, 1894-95 55, 133-244

Gadow H. , A Classification of Vertebrata Recent and Extinct, xvii-82

Van Den Broeck E. Les dépôts à Iguanodons de Bernissart et leur transfert dans l’étage Purbeckien ou Aquilonien du Jurassique supérieur. Exposé comprenant une revue de la faune des vertébrés du Purbeckien et du Wealdien dans le sud-est de l’Angleterre [The Iguanodon deposits of Bernissart and their transfer to the Purbeckian or Aquilonian stage of the Upper Jurassic. Presentation including a review of the vertebrate fauna of the Purbeckian and Wealden of southeast England ], Mémoires de la Société Belge de Géologie de Paléontologie et d’Hydrologie 14, 39-112

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Nopcsa B. F. (1902) Dinosaurierreste aus Siebenbürgen II (Schädelreste von Mochlodon) mit einem anhange: Zur phylogenie der Ornithopodiden [Dinosaur remains from Transylvania II (skull remains of Mochlodon) with an appendix: the phylogeny of the ornithopods], Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 72, 149-175

Tornier G. (1913) Reptilia. Paläontologie [Reptilia. Paleontology], Handwörterbuch der Naturwissenschaften 8, 337-376

Matthew W. D. (1915) , Dinosaurs, with Special Reference to the American Museum Collections. American Museum of Natural History, New York, 1-162

Gilmore C. W. (1925) Osteology of ornithopodous dinosaurs from the Dinosaur National Monument, Utah. Part I. On a skeleton of Camptosaurus medius Marsh. Part II. On a skeleton of Dryosaurus altus Marsh. Part III. On a skeleton of Laosaurus gracilis Marsh, Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 10 4, 385-409

Nopcsa B. F. (1928) The genera of reptiles, Palaeobiologica 1, 163-188

Lapparent A. F. d. (1947) Les dinosauriens du Crétacé Supérieur du Midi de la France [The dinosaurs of the Upper Cretaceous of the south of France], Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, Nouvelle Série 56, 1-54

Romer A. S. (1956) , Osteology of the Reptiles, University of Chicago Press, 1-772

Tatarinov L. P. (1964) Nadotryad Dinosauria. Dinozavry [Superorder Dinosauria. Dinosaurs], Osnovy Paleontologii [Fundamentals of Paleontology] 12, 523-589

Romer A. S. (1966) , Vertebrate Paleontology, 3rd edition, 1-468

Steel R. (1970) Part 14. Saurischia, Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie/Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1-87

Swinton W. E. (1970) , The Dinosaurs, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1-331

Galton P. M. (1974) The ornithischian dinosaur Hypsilophodon from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight, Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History 25, 1-152

Thulborn R. A. (1974) A new heterodontosaurid dinosaur (Reptilia: Ornithischia) from the Upper Triassic red beds of Lesotho, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 55, 151-175

Galton P. M. (1977) The Upper Jurassic dinosaur Dryosaurus and a Laurasia-Gondwana connection in the Upper Jurassic, Nature 268 5617, 230-232

Galton P. M., Jensen J. A. (1979) Remains of ornithopod dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous of North America, Brigham Young University Geology Studies 25 3, 1-10

Bartholomai A., Molnar R. E. (1981) Muttaburrasaurus, a new iguanodontid (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda) dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Queensland, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 20 2, 319-349

McIntosh J. S. (1981) Annotated catalogue of the dinosaurs (Reptilia, Archosauria) in the collections of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 18, 1-67

Weishampel D. B., Weishampel J. B. (1983) Annotated localities of ornithopod dinosaurs: implications to Mesozoic paleobiogeography, The Mosasaur 1, 43-87

Russell D. A. (1984) A check list of the families and genera of North American dinosaurs, Syllogeus 53, 1-35

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Miller W. E., Baer J. L., et al (1991) The Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry, Mesa County, Colorado, Guidebook for Dinosaur Quarries and Tracksites Tour, Western Colorado and Eastern Utah, 31-46

Chure D., Turner C., et al (1994) An embryo of Camptosaurus from the Morrison Formation (Jurassic, Middle Tithonian) in Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, In K. Carpenter, K.F. Hirsh & J.R. Horner (eds.), Dinosaur Eggs and Babies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 298-311

Sereno P. C. (1997) The origin and evolution of dinosaurs, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 25, 435-489

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Pereda Suberbiola X., Ruiz-Omeñaca J. I., et al (2006) Primera cita de un dinosaurio ornitópodo en el Cretácico Inferior (Berriasiense) del SO de la Cuenca Vasco-Cantábrica (Palencia, España) [First note of an ornithopod dinosaur in the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) of SW Vasco-Cantabrian Basin (Palencia, Spain), Revista de la Sociedad Geológica de España 19 3-4, 219-231

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Ruiz-Omeñaca J. I., Pereda Suberbiola X., et al (2007) Callovosaurus leedsi, the earliest dryosaurid dinosaur (Ornithischia: Euornithopoda) from the Middle Jurassic of England, Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithischian Dinosaurs, 3-16

Butler R. J., Upchurch P., et al (2008) The phylogeny of ornithischian dinosaurs, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6 1, 1-40 doi:10.1017/S1477201907002271

McDonald A. T., Kirkland J. I., et al (2010) New basal iguanodonts from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the evolution of thumb-spiked dinosaurs, PLoS One 5 11, e14075:1-35 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014075

McDonald A. T., Wolfe D. G., et al (2010) A new basal hadrosauroid (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Turonian of New Mexico, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 3, 799-812

Ruiz-Omeñaca J. I., Piñuela L., et al (2010) El primer diente de ornitópodo del Jurásico Superior de España (Asturias) [The first ornithopod tooth from the Late Jurassic of Spain (Asturias)], Geogaceta 48, 83-86

Diedrich C. (2011) Upper Jurassic tidal flat megatracksites of Germany—coastal dinosaur migration highways between European islands, and a review of the dinosaur footprints, Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 91, 129-155 doi:10.1007/s12549-010-0044-y

Wang X., Pan R., et al (2011) The postcranial skeleton of the iguanodontian ornithopod Jinzhousaurus yangi from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China, Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 101, 135-159 doi:10.1017/S1755691010009266

McDonald A. T. (2012) Phylogeny of basal iguanodonts (Dinosauria: Ornithischia): an update, PLoS ONE 7 5, e36745:1-5 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036745

Norman D. B. (2014) Iguanodonts from the Wealden of England: do they contribute to the discussion concerning hadrosaur origins?, Hadrosaurs, 10-43

Madzia D., Boyd C. A., et al (2018) A basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Cenomanian of the Czech Republic, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 16 11, 967-979 doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1371258

Amer. J. Sci., (3) 29 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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