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Arctotherium

Description

Arctotherium is an extinct genus of Pleistocene South American short-faced bears within Ursidae. Their ancestors migrated from North America to South America during the Great American Interchange, following the formation of the Isthmus of Panama during the late Pliocene. The oldest confirmed remains are those of A. angustidens from Buenos Aires, Argentina, dating to the Ensenadan epoch, 0.98 to 1.76 Ma old, within the Early to Middle Pleistocene, with a tooth possibly belonging to Arctotherium dating about 2.588 Mya. They are closer genetically to the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus), than to Arctodus of North America, implying the two extinct forms evolved large size in a convergent manner, perhaps to facilitate dominating other carnivores in the competition for the biggest carcasses. The northernmost species, A. wingei, known from Venezuela in South America, apparently invaded Central America and reached as far north as the Yucatán.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)3240000https://www.gbif.org/species/3240000
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)44307https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=44307
Rankgenus
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Canidae : Arctotherium
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Ursidae : Arctotherium
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SynapsidaOsborn 1903
-Therapsida
infraorderCynodontia
-EpicynodontiaHopson and Kitching 2001
infraorderEucynodontiaKemp 1982
-ProbainognathiaHopson 1990
-MammaliamorphaRowe 1988
-MammaliaformesRowe 1988
classMammaliaLinnaeus 1758
subclassTribosphenida
infraclassEutheria
-PlacentaliaOwen 1837
-LaurasiatheriaWaddell et al. 1999
-ScrotiferaWaddell et al. 1999
-FeraeLinnaeus 1758
-CarnivoramorphaWyss and Flynn 1993
-CarnivoraformesFlynn et al.
orderCarnivoraBowditch 1821
superfamilyArctoideaFlower 1869
-UrsidaTedford 1976
superfamilyUrsoideaFischer de Waldheim 1817
familyUrsidaeGray 1825
subfamilyTremarctinaeMerriam and Stock 1925
genusArctotheriumBravard 1857
Scientific NameArctotherium Bravard, 1857
Name Published InMamm. Observ. Géol. Bassin La Plata
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Arctotheriumgenusbelongs to Ursinastated without evidenceAmeghino, 1885
Arctotheriumgenussubjective synonym of Arctodusstated without evidenceSchultz and Howard, 1935
Arctotheriumgenusbelongs to Tremarctinaestated with evidenceTrajano and Ferrarezzi, 1995
Arctotheriumgenusbelongs to Tremarctinaestated without evidenceSoibelzon et al., 2008
Taxon Size (PBDB)10
First Recorded Appearance4.90 - 1.80 Ma
Cenozoic
Environmentterrestrial (based on Eutheria)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)
Dietherbivore, carnivore (based on Ursidae)
Taphonomyphosphatic (based on Vertebrata)
Primary Reference (PBDB)J. Alroy. 2002. Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals.
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctotherium

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Arctotherium (Arctotherium)
subgenus
listed (PBDB)
Arctotherium (Pararctotherium)
subgenus
listed (PBDB)42.59 Ma
Pleistocene
0.13 Ma
Pleistocene
Arctotherium brasiliensis
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Arctotherium tarijense
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
12.59 Ma
Pleistocene
2.59 Ma
Pleistocene
Arctotherium wingei
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
42.59 Ma
Pleistocene
0.13 Ma
Pleistocene
Ursus bonariensis
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1857Arctotherium Bravard
1885Arctotherium Ameghino p. 20
1995Arctotherium Trajano and Ferrarezzi p. 555
2008Arctotherium Soibelzon et al. p. 3

References

Alroy J. (2002) Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals
Ameghino F. Nuevos restos de mamíferos fósiles Oligocenos recogidos por el Profesor Pedro Scalabrini y pertenecientes al Museo Provincial de la ciudad del Parana [New remains of Oligocene fossil mammals collected by Professor Pedro Scalabrini and belonging to the Provincial Museum of the city of Parana], Boletín de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias 8, 1-205
Trajano E., Ferrarezzi H. (1995) A fossil bear from northeastern Brazil, with a phylogenetic analysis of the South American extinct Tremarctinae (Ursidae), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14 4, 552-561
Soibelzon L. H., Romero M. R., et al (2008) A Blancan (Pliocene) short-faced bear from El Salvador and its implications for Tremarctines in South America, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 250 1, 1-8
NZ cross ref or inferred from publ. title - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Mamm. Observ. Géol. Bassin La Plata - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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