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Arctodus

Description

The short-faced bear (Arctodus sp.) is an extinct bear genus that inhabited North America during the Pleistocene epoch from about 1.8 Mya until 11,000 years ago. It was the most common early North American bear and was most abundant in California. There are two recognized species: Arctodus pristinus and Arctodus simus, with the latter considered to be one of the largest known terrestrial mammalian carnivores that has ever existed. It has been hypothesized that their extinction coincides with the Younger Dryas period of global cooling commencing around 10,900 BC.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)4833639https://www.gbif.org/species/4833639
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)41308https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=41308
Rankgenus
Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Ursidae : Arctodus
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SynapsidaOsborn 1903
-Therapsida
infraorderCynodontia
-EpicynodontiaHopson and Kitching 2001
infraorderEucynodontiaKemp 1982
-ProbainognathiaHopson 1990
-MammaliamorphaRowe 1988
-MammaliaformesRowe 1988
classMammaliaLinnaeus 1758
subclassTribosphenida
infraclassEutheria
-PlacentaliaOwen 1837
-LaurasiatheriaWaddell et al. 1999
-ScrotiferaWaddell et al. 1999
-FeraeLinnaeus 1758
-CarnivoramorphaWyss and Flynn 1993
-CarnivoraformesFlynn et al.
orderCarnivoraBowditch 1821
superfamilyArctoideaFlower 1869
-UrsidaTedford 1976
superfamilyUrsoideaFischer de Waldheim 1817
familyUrsidaeGray 1825
subfamilyTremarctinaeMerriam and Stock 1925
genusArctodusLeidy 1854
Scientific NameArctodus Leidy, 1854
Name Published InLeidy, Joseph. 1854. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 7: 90.
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Arctodusgenusbelongs to Ursidaestated without evidenceLeidy, 1854
Arctodusgenusbelongs to Carnivorastated without evidenceLeidy, 1860
Arctodusgenusbelongs to Ursidaestated without evidenceHay, 1902
Arctodusgenusbelongs to Tremarctinaestated without evidenceKurten and Anderson, 1980
Arctodusgenusbelongs to UrsidaeimpliedCarroll, 1988
Arctodusgenusbelongs to Tremarctinaestated with evidenceTrajano and Ferrarezzi, 1995
Arctodusgenusbelongs to Tremarctinaestated without evidenceSchubert and Kaufmann, 2003
Arctodusgenusbelongs to Ursidaestated without evidenceAlbright et al., 2019
Status (PBDB)extinct
Taxon Size (PBDB)3
First Recorded Appearance4.90 - 1.80 Ma
Cenozoic
Last Recorded Appearance0.13 Ma
Pleistocene
Environmentterrestrial (based on Eutheria)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)
Dietherbivore, carnivore (based on Ursidae)
Taphonomyphosphatic (based on Vertebrata)
Primary Reference (PBDB)J. Leidy. 1854. [Abstract of remarks made before a meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, June 6th, 1854]. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 7:89-90
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctodus

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Arctodus pristinus
species
doubtful (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
274.90 Ma
Pliocene
0.13 Ma
Pleistocene
Arctodus simus
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Giant Short-faced Bear314.90 Ma
Pliocene
0.13 Ma
Pleistocene

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1854Arctodus Leidy p. 90
1860Arctodus Leidy p. 115
1902Arctodus Hay p. 763
1926Tremarctotherium Kraglievich
1935Arctodus Schultz and Howard p. 282
1955Tremarctotherium Hibbard p. 51
YearName and Author
1980Arctodus Kurten and Anderson p. 180
1988Arctodus Carroll
1995Arctodus Trajano and Ferrarezzi p. 559
2003Arctodus Schubert and Kaufmann p. 104
2019Arctodus Albright et al. p. 175

References

Leidy J. [Abstract of remarks made before a meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, June 6th, 1854], Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 7, 89-90
Leidy J. Description of Vertebrate Fossils, Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South-Carolina, 99-122
Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868
Schultz C. B., Howard E. B. (1935) The fauna of Burnet Cave, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 87, 273-298
Hibbard C. W. (1955) Pleistocene Vertebrates from the Upper Becerra (Becerra Superior) Formation, Valley of Tequixquiac, Mexico, with Notes on Other Pleistocene Forms, Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 12 5, 47-96
Kurten B., Anderson E. (1980) , Pleistocene mammals of North America, 1-442
Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698
Trajano E., Ferrarezzi H. (1995) A fossil bear from northeastern Brazil, with a phylogenetic analysis of the South American extinct Tremarctinae (Ursidae), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14 4, 552-561
Schubert B. W., Kaufmann J. E. (2003) A partial short-faced bear skeleton from an Ozark cave with comments on the paleobiology of the species, Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 65 2, 101-110
Albright L. B., Sanders A. E., et al (2019) Cenozoic vertebrate biostratigraphy of South Carolina, U.S.A. and additions to the fauna, Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 57 2, 77-236
Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 7 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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