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Psittacosaurus meileyingensis

Description

Psittacosaurus (SIT-ə-kə-SOR-əs; "parrot lizard") is a genus of extinct ceratopsian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of what is now Asia, existing between 126 and 101 million years ago. It is notable for being the most species-rich dinosaur genus. Up to 12 species are known, from across China, Mongolia, Siberia, and possibly Thailand and Laos. The species of Psittacosaurus were obligate bipeds at adulthood, with a high skull and a robust beak. One individual was found preserved with long filaments on the tail, similar to those of Tianyulong, and scales across the rest of the animal. Psittacosaurus probably had complex behaviours, based on the proportions and relative size of the brain. It may have been active for short periods of time during the day and night, and had well-developed senses of smell and vision.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)4965767https://www.gbif.org/species/4965767
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)65708https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=65708
Rankspecies
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Psittacosauridae : Psittacosaurus : Psittacosaurus meileyingensis
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Ornithischia : Psittacosaurus : Psittacosaurus meileyingensis
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SauropsidaHuxley 1864
classReptiliaLaurenti 1768
subclassEureptilia
-RomeriidaGauthier et al. 1988
-Diapsida
-Eosuchia
-NeodiapsidaBenton 1985
-SauriaGauthier 1984
-Archosauromorpha
-CrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
-EucrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-Archosauria
informalAvemetatarsaliaBenton 1999
-OrnithodiraGauthier 1986
-DinosauromorphaBenton 1985
-DinosauriformesNovas 1992
-Dinosauria
-Ornithischia
-Neornithischia
-ClypeodontaNorman 2014
-CerapodaSereno 1986
-MarginocephaliaSereno 1986
-Ceratopsia
genusPsittacosaurusOsborn 1923
speciesPsittacosaurus meileyingensisSereno et al. 1988
Generic NamePsittacosaurus
Scientific NamePsittacosaurus meileyingensis Sereno et al., 1988
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Psittacosaurus meileyingensisspeciesbelongs to Psittacosaurusstated without evidenceSereno et al., 1988
Psittacosaurus meileyingensisspeciesbelongs to Psittacosaurusstated with evidenceSereno, 1990
Psittacosaurus meileyingensisspeciesbelongs to Psittacosaurusstated without evidenceSereno, 1990
Psittacosaurus meileyingensisspeciesbelongs to Psittacosaurusstated with evidenceSereno, 2000
Psittacosaurus meileyingensisspeciesbelongs to Psittacosaurusstated without evidenceLeshchinskiy et al., 2000
Psittacosaurus meileyingensisspeciesbelongs to Psittacosaurusstated with evidenceSereno, 2010
Psittacosaurus meileyingensisspeciesbelongs to Psittacosaurusstated without evidenceSereno et al., 2010
Status (PBDB)extinct
Taxon Size (PBDB)1
First Recorded Appearance125 - 113 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Last Recorded Appearance125 - 113 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous
Environmentterrestrial (based on Psittacosaurus)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Ornithischia)
Dietherbivore (based on Psittacosaurus)
Reproductionoviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Ornithischia)
Ontogenyaccretion,modification of parts (based on Ornithischia)
Taphonomyhydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Ornithischia)
Primary Reference (PBDB)P. C. Sereno, S. Chao, and Z. Cheng, C. Rao. 1988. Psittacosaurus meileyingensis (Ornithischia: Ceratopsia), a new psittacosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8(4):366-377
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacosaurus_meileyingensis

Fossil Distribution

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1988Psittacosaurus meileyingensis Sereno et al. p. 366 figs. 2-4, 8-9
1990Psittacosaurus meileyingensis Sereno p. 207
1992Psittacosaurus meileyingensis Dong p. 166
1994Psittacosaurus meileyingensis Dong p. 2098
1994Psittacosaurus meileyingensis Matsukawa and Obata p. 117
1997Psittacosaurus meileyingensis Le Loeuff p. 454
1997Psittacosaurus meileyingensis Sereno p. 611
1999Psittacosaurus meileyingensis Wang et al. p. 3
2000Psittacosaurus meileyingensis Leshchinskiy et al. p. 365
2000Psittacosaurus meileyingensis Sereno p. 492
YearName and Author
2001Psittacosaurus meileyingensis Brinkman et al. p. 1781
2003Psittacosaurus meileyingensis Ruiz-Omeñaca and Canudo p. 296
2004Psittacosaurus meileyingensis You and Dodson p. 479
2006Psittacosaurus meileyingensis Averianov et al. p. 390
2006Psittacosaurus meileyingensis Zhou et al. p. 104
2007Psittacosaurus meileyingensis Sereno et al. p. 277
2008Psittacosaurus meileyingensis You et al. p. 195
2010Psittacosaurus meileyingensis Sereno p. 29
2010Psittacosaurus meileyingensis Sereno et al. p. 202

References

Sereno P. C., Chao S., et al (1988) Psittacosaurus meileyingensis (Ornithischia: Ceratopsia), a new psittacosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern China, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8 4, 366-377
Dong Z. (1992) Dinosaurian Faunas of China, China Ocean Press, Beijing, 1-188
Dong Z.-M. (1994) Early Cretaceous dinosaur faunas in China: an introduction, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30 10-11, 2096-2100
Matsukawa M., Obata I. (1994) Dinosaurs and sedimentary environments in the Japanese Cretaceous: a contribution to dinosaur facies in Asia based on molluscan palaeontology and stratigraphy, Cretaceous Research 15 1, 101-125 doi:10.1006/cres.1994.1005
Leshchinskiy S. V., Faingerts A. V., et al (2000) Predvaritel'nye rezul'taty izucheniy mestonakhozhdenii Shestakovskogo kompleksa rannemelovykh pozvonochnykh [Preliminary results of the investigation of the Shestakovo localities of Early Cretaceous vertebrates], Materialy Regional'noy Konferentsii Geologov Sibiri Dal'nego Vostoka i Severo-Vostoka Rossii. Gala Press, Tomsk 2, 363-366
Sereno P. C. (2000) The fossil record, systematics and evolution of pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians from Asia, The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, 480-516
Brinkman D. B., Eberth D. A., et al (2001) The occurrence of Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis Sereno and Chow, 1988 in the Urho area, Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38, 1781-1786
Ruiz-Omeñaca J. I., Canudo J. I. (2003) Dinosaurios (Saurischia, Ornithischia) en el Barremiense (Cretácico Inferior) de la península Ibérica [Dinosaurs (Saurischia, Ornithischia) in the Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) of the Iberian peninsula], Dinosaurios y Otros Reptiles Mesozóicos de España, 269-312
Averianov A. O., Voronkevich A. V., et al (2006) A ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of west Siberia, Russia and its phylogenetic relationships, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4 4, 359-395
Zhou C.-F., Gao K.-Q., et al (2006) A new species of Psittacosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation, Liaoning, China, Palaeoworld 15 1, 100-114 doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2005.11.001
Sereno P. C., Zhao X., et al (2007) New psittacosaurid highlights skull enlargement in horned dinosaurs, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52 2, 275-284
You H.-L., Tanoue K., et al (2008) New data on cranial anatomy of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53 2, 183-196
Sereno P. C. (2010) Taxonomy, cranial morphology, and relationships of parrot-beaked dinosaurs (Ceratopsia: Psittacosaurus), New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 21-58
Sereno P. C., Zhao X., et al (2010) A new psittacosaur from Inner Mongolia and the parrot-like structure and function of the psittacosaur skull, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277 1679, 199-209 doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0691
P. C. Sereno, S. Chao, Z. Cheng, C. Rao (1988) Psittacosaurus meileyingensis (Ornithischia: Ceratopsia), a new psittacosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern China: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4: 366--377 - via Catalogue of Life
P. C. Sereno (2010) Taxonomy, cranial morphology, and relationships of parrot-beaked dinosaurs (Ceratopsia: Psittacosaurus): New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington: 21--58 - via Catalogue of Life
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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