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Phalacrocoracidae

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Description

Phalacrocoracidae is a family of approximately 40 species of aquatic birds commonly known as cormorants and shags. Several different classifications of the family have been proposed recently and the number of genera is disputed. The great cormorant (P. carbo) and the common shag (P. aristotelis) are the only two species of the family commonly encountered on the British Isles and "cormorant" and "shag" appellations have been later assigned to different species in the family somewhat haphazardly.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalacrocoracidae, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	5268	https://www.gbif.org/species/5268
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	39688	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39688

Rank

family

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Suliformes : Phalacrocoracidae

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Archosauromorpha
-	Crocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
-	Eucrocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauria
informal	Avemetatarsalia	Benton 1999
-	Ornithodira	Gauthier 1986
-	Dinosauromorpha	Benton 1985
-	Dinosauriformes	Novas 1992
-	Dinosauria
-	Saurischia
-	Theropoda
-	Neotheropoda	Bakker 1986
-	Averostra	Paul 2002
-	Tetanurae	Gauthier 1986
order	Avetheropoda	Paul 1988
suborder	Coelurosauria	Huene 1914
-	Maniraptora	Gauthier 1986
-	Paraves	Sereno 1997
class	Aves	Linnaeus 1758
order	Suliformes	Sharpe 1891
family	Phalacrocoracidae	Reichenbach 1850

Common Name

cormorant

Scientific Name

Phalacrocoracidae

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Steganopodes	stated with evidence	Zittel, 1890
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Steganopodes	stated without evidence	Moreno and Mercerat, 1891
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Pelecanoidea	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Pelecaniformes	stated without evidence	Wetmore, 1933
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Sulides	stated without evidence	Lambrecht, 1933
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Pelecaniformes	stated without evidence	Brodkorb, 1955
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Sulae	stated without evidence	Olson, 1985
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Pelecaniformes	stated without evidence	Rasmussen et al., 1987
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Sulae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Pelecaniformes	stated without evidence	Chandler, 1990
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Pelecani	stated without evidence	Cheneval, 1993
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Sulae	stated without evidence	Olson and Hasegawa, 1996
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Pelecaniformes	stated without evidence	Olson and Rasmussen, 2001
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Pelecaniformes	stated with evidence	Hope, 2002
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Pelecaniformes	stated without evidence	Gohlich, 2003
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Suloidea	stated with evidence	Bourdon et al., 2005
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Phalacrocoracoidea	stated with evidence	Livezey and Zusi, 2007
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Pelecaniformes	stated without evidence	Louchart et al., 2008
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Aequornithes	stated without evidence	Mayr, 2011
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Suliformes	stated without evidence	del Hoyo et al., 2014
Phalacrocoracidae	family	belongs to Suliformes	stated with evidence	Clements et al., 2017

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

50 (56%)

First Recorded Appearance

70.6 - 66.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous

Environment

terrestrial (based on Theropoda)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Theropoda)

Diet

carnivore (based on Coelurosauria)

Reproduction

oviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)

Ontogeny

accretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

Common Name(s)

Cormorants, Aalscholvers, Skarvar, Skarvefamilien, ウ, Ob. Skarv, Cormorant, Cormorants And Shags, Shags

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalacrocoracidae

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Leucocarboninae subfamily	listed (PBDB)
Phalacrocoracinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Borvocarbo ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	33.9 Ma Oligocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Graculus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Gulosus genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Leucocarbo genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Limicorallus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Limicorallus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Microcarbo genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		10	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Nannopterum genus	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Oligocorax ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Paracorax ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Phalacrocorax genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Cormorant	235	33.9 Ma Oligocene	0 Ma Extant
Piscator ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Poikilocarbo genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Red-legged Cormorant			0 Ma Extant
Stictocarbo genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Urile genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Valenticarbo ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Haliaeus egretta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1850	Phalacrocoracidae Reichenbach
1890	Phalacrocoracidae Zittel p. 842
1891	Phalacrocoracidae Moreno and Mercerat p. 35
1902	Phalacrocoracidae Hay p. 533
1933	Phalacrocoracidae Lambrecht p. 290
1933	Phalacrocoracidae Wetmore p. 5
1955	Phalacrocoracidae Brodkorb p. 12
1972	Phalacrocoracidae Howard p. 7
1977	Phalacrocoracidae Alvarez p. 208
1985	Phalacrocoracidae Olson
1987	Phalacrocoracidae Rasmussen et al. p. 16
1988	Phalacrocoracidae Carroll
1990	Phalacrocoracidae Chandler p. 125
1992	Phalacrocoracidae Baird p. 24
1992	Phalacrocoracidae Emslie p. 252

Year	Name and Author
1992	Phalacrocoracidae Guthrie p. 321
1993	Phalacrocoracidae Cheneval p. 89
1996	Phalacrocoracidae Olson and Hasegawa p. 742
2001	Phalacrocoracidae Olson and Rasmussen p. 262
2002	Phalacrocoracidae Hope p. 367
2003	Phalacrocoracidae Gohlich p. 241
2005	Phalacrocoracidae Bourdon et al. p. 166
2005	Phalacrocoracidae Mayr p. 67
2007	Phalacrocoracidae Livezey and Zusi p. 91
2008	Phalacrocoracidae Louchart et al. p. 151
2008	Phalacrocoracidae Mourer-Chauviré
2011	Phalacrocoracidae Mayr p. 73 figs. Figure 5
2014	Phalacrocoracidae del Hoyo et al.
2017	Phalacrocoracidae Clements et al.

References

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Zittel K. A. v. , Handbuch der Palaeontologie. I. Abteilung Paleozoologie. III. Band. Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves) [Handbook of Paleontology. Division I. Paleozoology. Volume III. Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves)], xii-900

Moreno F. P., Mercerat A. Catalogue des Oiseaux Fossiles de la Republique Argentine conserves au Musee de la Plata, Anales del Museo de la Plata 1, 1-71

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Lambrecht K. (1933) Handbuch der Palaeornithologie, 1-1024

Wetmore A. (1933) Pliocene bird remains from Idaho, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 87 20, 1-12

Brodkorb P. (1955) The avifauna of the Bone Valley Formation, Florida Geological Survey Report of Investigations 14, 1-57

Howard H. (1972) Type specimens of avian fossils in the collections of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Contributions in Science, 1-27

Alvarez R. (1977) A Pleistocene avifauna from Jalisco, Mexico, Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, The University of Michigan 24 19, 205-220

Olson S. L. (1985) The fossil record of birds, Avian Biology VIII, 79-256

Rasmussen D. T., Olson S. L., et al (1987) Fossil Birds from the Oligocene Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum Province, Egypt, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 62, 1-20

Chandler R. M. (1990) Fossil birds of the San Diego Formation, Late Pliocene, Blancan, San Diego County, California, Ornithological Monographs 44, 73-161

Baird R. F. (1992) Fossil avian assemblage of Pitfall Origin from Holocene sediments in Amphitheatre Cave (G-2), South-western Victoria, Australia, Records of the Australian Museum 44, 21-44

Emslie S. D. (1992) Two new late Blancan avifaunas from Florida and the extinction of wetland birds in the Plio-Pleistocene, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 36, 249-269

Guthrie D. A. (1992) A late Pleistocene avifauna from San Miguel Island, California, Science Series (Los Angeles) 36, 319-327

Cheneval J. (1993) L'avifaune Mio-Pliocene de la Formation Pisco (Perou) etude prliminaire, Document Labratorie Geologique Lyon 125, 85-95

Olson S. L., Hasegawa Y. (1996) A new genus and two new species of gigantic Plotopteridae from Japan (Aves: Pelecaniformes), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 4, 742-751

Olson S. L., Rasmussen P. C. (2001) Miocene and Pliocene birds from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 90, 233-365

Hope S. (2002) The Mesozoic radiation of Neornithes, Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press, Berkeley, 339-388

Gohlich U. B. (2003) The avifauna of the Grund Beds (Middle Miocene, Early Badenian, northern Austria), Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A 104, 237-249

Bourdon E., Bouya B., et al (2005) Earliest African neornithine bird: a new species of Prophaethontidae (Aves) from the Paleocene of Morocco, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 1, 157-170

Livezey B. C., Zusi R. L. (2007) Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 1, 1-95

Louchart A., Haile-Selassie Y., et al (2008) Fossil birds from the Late Miocene of Chad and Ethiopia and zooge- ographical implications, Oryctos 7, 147-167

del Hoyo J., Collar N. J., et al (2014) HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines, 1-904

Clements J. F., Schulenberg T. S., et al (2017) , The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017

Benton, M.J. (ed). (1993). The Fossil Record 2. Chapman & Hall, London, 845 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Parker, S.P. (ed). (1982). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2 volumes. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Harrison, P. (1985). Seabirds: an identification guide. Revised edition. Christopher Helm Publisher. A & C Black: London, UK. ISBN 0-7136-3510-X. 448 pp. - via World Register of Marine Species

van der Land, J. (2001). Tetrapoda, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 375-376 - via World Register of Marine Species

Larsson, L., Ekström, G., Larsson, E. & Gandemo, M. (2007) Birds of the World, 2:a uppl. - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes, 2003: null. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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