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Rheidae

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Description

Rheidae is a family of flightless ratite birds which first appeared in the Paleocene. It is today represented by the sole living genus Rhea, but also contains several extinct genera.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheidae, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	5280	https://www.gbif.org/species/5280
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	39283	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39283

Rank

family

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Aves : Rheiformes : Rheidae

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Archosauromorpha
-	Crocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
-	Eucrocopoda	Ezcurra 2016
-	Archosauria
informal	Avemetatarsalia	Benton 1999
-	Ornithodira	Gauthier 1986
-	Dinosauromorpha	Benton 1985
-	Dinosauriformes	Novas 1992
-	Dinosauria
-	Saurischia
-	Theropoda
-	Neotheropoda	Bakker 1986
-	Averostra	Paul 2002
-	Tetanurae	Gauthier 1986
order	Avetheropoda	Paul 1988
suborder	Coelurosauria	Huene 1914
-	Maniraptora	Gauthier 1986
-	Paraves	Sereno 1997
class	Aves	Linnaeus 1758
-	Pygostylia	Chiappe 2002
-	Ornithothoraces	Chiappe and Calvo 1994
-	Ornithuromorpha	Chiappe et al. 1999
subclass	Ornithurae	Haeckel 1866
subclass	Neornithes	Gadow 1893
superorder	Palaeognathae	Pycraft 1900
order	Rheiformes
family	Rheidae	Bonaparte 1849

Common Name

rhea

Scientific Name

Rheidae

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Rheidae	family	belongs to Struthiones	stated without evidence	Moreno and Mercerat, 1891
Rheidae	family	belongs to Rheiformes	stated without evidence	Lambrecht, 1933
Rheidae	family	belongs to Rheiformes	implied	Carroll, 1988
Rheidae	family	belongs to Struthioniformes	stated with evidence	Livezey and Zusi, 2007
Rheidae	family	belongs to Palaeognathae	stated without evidence	Mayr, 2009
Rheidae	family	belongs to Struthioniformes	stated without evidence	del Hoyo et al., 2014
Rheidae	family	belongs to Rheiformes	stated with evidence	Clements et al., 2017
Rheidae	family	belongs to Rheiformes	stated without evidence	Noriega et al., 2017

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

5 (25%)

First Recorded Appearance

58.7 - 48.6 Ma
Paleogene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Theropoda)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Theropoda)

Diet

carnivore (based on Coelurosauria)

Reproduction

oviparous, dispersal=direct/internal,mobile (based on Theropoda)

Ontogeny

accretion,modification of parts (based on Theropoda)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite,compact or dense (based on Theropoda)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

Common Name(s)

Rheas, Rhea

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheidae

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Diogenornis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	58.7 Ma Paleocene	58.7 Ma Paleocene
Heterorhea ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	6.80 Ma Miocene	6.80 Ma Miocene
Hinasuri ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	6.80 Ma Miocene	6.80 Ma Miocene
Opisthodactylus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)	2	16.0 Ma Miocene	6.80 Ma Miocene
Protorhea ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	6.80 Ma Miocene	6.80 Ma Miocene
Rhea genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	13	23.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1849	Rheidae Bonaparte
1891	Rheidae Moreno and Mercerat p. 69
1933	Rheidae Lambrecht p. 110
1988	Rheidae Carroll
2007	Rheidae Livezey and Zusi p. 89
2009	Rheidae Mayr p. 32
2014	Rheidae del Hoyo et al.
2017	Rheidae Clements et al.
2017	Rheidae Noriega et al. p. 4

References

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Moreno F. P., Mercerat A. Catalogue des Oiseaux Fossiles de la Republique Argentine conserves au Musee de la Plata, Anales del Museo de la Plata 1, 1-71

Lambrecht K. (1933) Handbuch der Palaeornithologie, 1-1024

Livezey B. C., Zusi R. L. (2007) Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149 1, 1-95

Mayr G. (2009) Paleogene Fossil Birds, 1-262 doi:10.1007/978-3-540-89628-9

del Hoyo J., Collar N. J., et al (2014) HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines, 1-904

Clements J. F., Schulenberg T. S., et al (2017) , The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2017

Noriega J. I., Jordan E. A., et al (2017) A New Species of Opisthodactylus Ameghino, 1891 (Aves, Rheidae), from the Late Miocene of Northwestern Argentina, with Implications for the Paleobiogeography and Phylogeny of Rheas, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 1, e1278005 doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1278005

Dickinson, Edward C., ed., 2003: null. The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World, 3rd edition. 1039. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Benton, M.J. (ed). (1993). The Fossil Record 2. Chapman & Hall, London, 845 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Parker, S.P. (ed). (1982). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2 volumes. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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