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Pycnodontes

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	9537050	https://www.gbif.org/species/9537050
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	210644	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=210644

Rank

family

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Pycnodontes

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Pycnodontiformes : Pycnodontes

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
superclass	Actinopterygii
class	Actinopteri
subclass	Neopterygii
order	Pycnodontiformes	Berg 1937
suborder	Pycnodontoidei
family	Pycnodontes	Agassiz 1835

Scientific Name

Pycnodontes

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Pycnodontidae	family	belongs to Isospondyli	stated with evidence	Cope, 1877
Pycnodontidae	family	belongs to Merospondyli	stated without evidence	Cope, 1887
Pycnodontidae	family	belongs to Protospondyli	stated with evidence	Woodward, 1895
Pycnodontidae	family	belongs to Pycnodonti	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Pycnodontidae	family	belongs to Actinopterygii	stated without evidence	Woodward, 1916
Pycnodontidae	family	belongs to Semionotiformes	stated with evidence	Arambourg and Bertin, 1958
Pycnodontidae	family	belongs to Pycnodontoidea	stated without evidence	Gardiner, 1960
Pycnodontidae	family	belongs to Pycnodonti	stated without evidence	Jordan, 1963
Pycnodontidae	family	belongs to Pycnodontoidei	stated without evidence	Casier, 1966
Pycnodontidae	family	belongs to Pycnodontiformes	stated without evidence	Applegate, 1970
Pycnodontidae	family	belongs to Pycnodontoidei	stated with evidence	Nursall, 1996
Pycnodontidae	family	belongs to Pycnodontiformes	stated without evidence	Goodwin et al., 1999
Pycnodontidae	family	belongs to Pycnodontoidei	stated without evidence	Forey et al., 2003
Pycnodontidae	family	belongs to Pycnodontiformes	stated without evidence	Shimada et al., 2006

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

104

Extant Size (PBDB)

3 (2.9%)

First Recorded Appearance

296 - 290 Ma
Permian

Environment

marine (based on Vertebrata)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Pycnodontiformes)

Diet

durophage, carnivore (based on Pycnodontiformes)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

L. Agassiz. 1835. Recherches Sur Les Poissons Fossiles. Tome IV (livr. 4). Imprimerie de Petitpierre, Neuchatel

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Pycnodontinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)		2	89.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	89.8 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Abdobalistum ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Acrotemnus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		2	101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Anomoeodus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		37	130 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Athrodon ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		2	156 Ma Jurassic	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Callodus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		7	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	112 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Coccodus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Coelodus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		30	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	66.0 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Iemanja ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)
Macromesodon ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		8	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	112 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Microdus genus	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Micropycnodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	99.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Neoproscinetes ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	145 Ma Late Jurassic	122 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Nonaphalagodus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	112 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Omphalodus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)
Paramicrodon ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		4	125 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	112 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Polypsephis genus	listed (PBDB)		9	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	0 Ma Extant
Proscincetes ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		6	164 Ma Middle Jurassic	101 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Pycnodus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		74	168 Ma Middle Jurassic	38.0 Ma Eocene
Pycnomicrodon ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	145 Ma Late Jurassic	145 Ma Late Jurassic
Sphaerodus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		15	237 Ma Middle Triassic	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Stemmatodus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	296 Ma Permian	296 Ma Permian
Tepexichthys ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous	113 Ma Early/Lower Cretaceous
Typodus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		17	201 Ma Early Jurassic	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Uranoplosus ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)
Xenopholis ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1877	Pycnodontidae Cope p. 62
1878	Pycnodontidae Cope p. 298
1887	Pycnodontidae Cope p. 1018
1895	Pycnodontidae Woodward p. 189
1902	Pycnodontidae Hay p. 372
1916	Pycnodontidae Woodward p. 47
1958	Pycnodontidae Arambourg and Bertin p. 2176
1960	Pycnodontidae Gardiner p. 363
1963	Pycnodontidae Jordan p. 614
1966	Pycnodontidae Casier p. 104
1970	Pycnodontidae Applegate p. 401
1975	Pycnodontidae Sahni and Mishra p. 12

Year	Name and Author
1981	Pycnodontidae Thurmond and Jones p. 85
1987	Pycnodontidae Kumar and Loyal p. 68
1988	Pycnodontidae Case and Schwimmer p. 297
1996	Pycnodontidae Nursall p. 137
1999	Pycnodontidae Goodwin et al. p. 732
1999	Pycnodontidae Weems p. 55
2003	Pycnodontidae Forey et al. p. 228
2006	Pycnodontidae Shimada et al. p. 21
2010	Pycnodontidae Poyato-Ariza p. 651
2014	Pycnodontidae Bannikov p. 25
2014	Pycnodontidae Carnevale et al. p. 41
2019	Pycnodontidae Ebersole et al. p. 152

References

Agassiz L. , Recherches Sur Les Poissons Fossiles. Tome IV (livr. 4). Imprimerie de Petitpierre, Neuchatel, 33-52

Cope E. D. On the Vertebrata of the bone bed in eastern Illinois, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 17, 53-63

Cope E. D. On the classification of the extinct fishes of the lower types, Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 26, 292-300

Cope E. D. Zittel's Manual of Palaeontology, The American Naturalist 21 11, 1014-1019

Woodward A. S. , Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural History), Part III, 1-544

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Woodward A. S. (1916) The fossil fishes of the English Wealden and Purbeck Formations, Palaeontographical Society, London 1915, 1-48

Arambourg C., Bertin L. (1958) Super-ordres des holostéens et des halecostomes (Holostei et Halecostomi) [Superorders of holosteans and halecostomes (Holostei et Halecostomi)], Traité de Zoologie: Anatomie, Systématique, Biologie. Agnathes et Poissons: Anatomie, Éthologie, Systématique. Masson et Compagnie, Paris 13 3, 2173-2203

Gardiner B. G. (1960) A revision of certain actinopterygian and coelacanth fishes, chiefly from the Lower Lias, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology 4 7, 241-384

Jordan D. S. (1963) The Genera of Fishes and a Classification of Fishes, Stanford University Press, 1-816

Casier E. (1966) , Faune ichthyologique du London Clay, 1-510

Applegate S. P. (1970) The vertebrate fauna of the Selma Formation of Alabama, Fieldiana: Geology Memoires 3 8, 385-433

Sahni A., Mishra V. P. (1975) Lower Tertiary vertebrates from western India, Monograph of the Palaeontological Society of India 3, 1-48

Thurmond J. T., Jones D. E. (1981) , Fossil Vertebrates of Alabama, 1-244

Kumar K., Loyal R. S. (1987) Eocene ichthyofauna from the Subathu Formation, Northwestern Himalaya, India., Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 32, 60-84

Case G. R., Schwimmer D. R. (1988) Late Cretaceous Fish from the Blufftown Formation (Campanian) in Western Georgia, Journal of Paleontology 62 2, 290-301

Nursall J. R. (1996) The phylogeny of pycnodont fishes, Mesozoic Fishes – Systematics and Paleoecology. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, 125-152

Goodwin M. B., Clemens W. A., et al (1999) Mesozoic continental vertebrates with associated palynostratigraphic dates from the northwestern Ethiopian plateau, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 4, 728-741

Weems R. E. (1999) Part 4. Actinopterygian Fishes from the Fisher/Sullivan Site, Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 152, 53-100

Forey P. L., Yi L., et al (2003) Fossil fishes from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Namoura, Lebanon, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1 4, 227-330 doi:10.1017/S147720190300107X

Shimada K., Schumacher B. A., et al (2006) Fossil marine vertebrates from the lowermost Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous: Middle Cenomanian) in southeastern Colorado, Journal of Paleontology 80 sp 63, 1-45

Poyato-Ariza F. (2010) Polazzodus, gen. nov., A New Pycnodont Fish from the Late Cretaceous of Northeastern Italy, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 3, 650-664 doi:10.1080/02724631003762955

Bannikov A. F. (2014) The systematic composition of the Eocene actinopterygian fish fauna from Monte Bolca, northern Italy, as known to date, Studi e ricerche sui giacimenti terziari di Bolca, XV - Miscellanea paleontologica 12, 23-34

Carnevale G., Bannikov A. F., et al (2014) The Pesciara-Monte Postale Fossil-Lagerstätte: 2. Fishes and other vertebrates, Rendiconti della Società Paleontologica Italiana 4, 37-63

Ebersole J. A., Cicimurri D. J., et al (2019) Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths, European Journal of Taxonomy 585, 1-274 doi:10.5852/ejt.2019.585

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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