Giebel, R.J., Gauert, C.D.K., Marks, M.A.W., Costin, G. and Markl, G. (2017): Multi-stage formation of REE minerals in the Palabora Carbonatite Complex, South Africa. American Mineralogist 102, 1218-1233.

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	Giebel, R. Johannes, Gauert, Christoph D.K., Marks, Michael A.W., Costin, Gelu, Markl, Gregor (2017) Multi-stage formation of REE minerals in the Palabora Carbonatite Complex, South Africa. American Mineralogist, 102 (6) 1218-1233 doi:10.2138/am-2017-6004	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	formation of REE minerals in the Palabora Carbonatite Complex, South Africa R. Johannes Giebel1,2,, Christoph...250 Nelson-Mandela-Drive, Bloemfontein 9300, South* Africa 3 Department of Applied Geology and Geohazards...PO Box 94, Artillery Road, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa 5 Department of Earth Science, Rice University... Abstract The 2060 Ma old Palabora Carbonatite Complex (PCC), South Africa, comprises diverse REE mineral...earth element minerals monazite, REE-Fcarbonates (bastnäsite, parisite, synchysite), ancylite, britholite
	Milani, Lorenzo, Bolhar, Robert, Cawthorn, R. Grant, Frei, Dirk (2017) In situ LA–ICP-MS and EPMA trace element characterization of Fe–Ti oxides from the phoscorite–carbonatite association at Phalaborwa, South Africa. Mineralium Deposita, 52 (5) 747-768 doi:10.1007/s00126-016-0696-2	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	phoscorite–carbonatite association at Phalaborwa, South Africa Lorenzo Milani 1 & Robert Bolhar 1 &...of the phoscorite–carbonatite association at Phalaborwa. We trace the behavior of the compatible elements...Witwatersrand, PVT Bag 3, Wits,, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa 2 Department of Earth Sciences, Stellenbosch...Stellenbosch University, PVT Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa 3 Department of Earth Sciences, University...the Western Cape, PVT Bag X17, Bellville 7530, South Africa revealing an evolutionary trend of decreasing
	Neave, David A., Black, Martin, Riley, Teal R., Gibson, Sally A., Ferrier, Graham, Wall, Frances, Broom-Fendley, Sam (2016) On the Feasibility of Imaging Carbonatite-Hosted Rare Earth Element Deposits Using Remote Sensing. Economic Geology, 111 (3) 641-665 doi:10.2113/econgeo.111.3.641	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	exceptions of monazite-(Ce), bastnäsite(Ce), parisite-(Ce,) and synchysite-(Ce), there are few published...49 Goethite Phlogopite 3 20 37 Bastnäsite-(Ce) Monazite-(Ce) Magnetite 9 5 500 1000 1500 2000...spectrum for bastnäsite that is from Turner et al. (2014). Note the complexity of bastnäsite-(Ce), monazite-(Ce)...monazite-(Ce), and fluorapatite spectra that result from REE-related absorptions. Deep Nd absorption features...Notable exceptions include the growth of primary bastnäsite-(Ce) at Mountain Pass (Mariano, 1989) and burbankite
	*Southwood, Malcolm, Cairncross, Bruce, White, John S. (2018) Letters. Rocks & Minerals, 93 (1) 9 doi:10.1080/00357529.2018.1383825*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	recent article “The Minerals of Palabora, Limpopo Province, South Africa” went to press in the September/October...occurrence of rare-earth elements (REEs) in the Palabora carbonatite was published by Giebel et al. (2017)...minerals that must now be included as reported from Palabora. Note that phases not currently afforded species...Giebel et al. (2017). Ancylite-(Ce), (Sr,Ca)(Ce,REE) (CO3)2(OH)H2O Anzaite-(Ce), Ce4FeTi6O18(OH)2 Barytocalcite...Barytocalcite, BaCa(CO3)2 Bastnäsite-(Ce), (Ce,La)(CO3)F Burbankite, (Na,Ca,)3 (Sr,Ba,Ca,REE)3(CO2)3 Carbocernaite
	Ying, Yuan-Can, Chen, Wei, Simonetti, Antonio, Jiang, Shao-Yong, Zhao, Kui-Dong (2020) Significance of hydrothermal reworking for REE mineralization associated with carbonatite: Constraints from in situ trace element and C-Sr isotope study of calcite and apatite from the Miaoya carbonatite complex (China). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 280. 340-359 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2020.04.028	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	within the Miaoya carbonatite complex located in the South Qinling 19 orogenic belt, with the aim to better...71 the Phalaborwa carbonatite complex on the southern margin of Kaapvaal craton (South Africa; 72 Milani...carbonate) and ore minerals (e.g., monazite, bastnäsite, allanite) 94 during metasomatism still remains...between the North China Block (NCB) 113 and the South China Block (SCB) in central China. The orogen is...is subdivided into North 114 Qinling and South Qinling belts by the Shangdan suture (Fig. 1a, b). This
	Kozlov, Evgeniy, Fomina, Ekaterina, Sidorov, Mikhail, Shilovskikh, Vladimir, Bocharov, Vladimir, Chernyavsky, Alexey, Huber, Miłosz (2020) The Petyayan-Vara Carbonatite-Hosted Rare Earth Deposit (Vuoriyarvi, NW Russia): Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Minerals, 10 (1) 73 doi:10.3390/min10010073	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	REE (up to 2.0 wt. %), Sr (up to 1.2 wt. %), and Ba (up to 0.8 wt. %). These carbonatites underwent several...crystallization of apatite in the carbonatites. A sulfate-rich Ba–Sr–rare-earth elements (REE) fluid (probably brine-melt)...baryte and, to a lesser extent, strontianite, bastnäsite, and synchysite. Varieties of carbonatite that...ancylite-dominant. The influence of sulfate-rich Ba-Sr-REE fluid on the apatite-bearing rocks resulted...breccias of magnesiocarbonatites with quartz-bastnäsite matrixes were formed. Simultaneously, strontianite
	Weng, Zhehan, Jowitt, Simon M., Mudd, Gavin M., Haque, Nawshad (2015) A Detailed Assessment of Global Rare Earth Element Resources: Opportunities and Challenges. Economic Geology, 110 (8) 1925-1952 doi:10.2113/econgeo.110.8.1925	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	CSIRO Mineral Resources, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia Abstract Rare earth elements...resources are hosted by carbonatite deposits, and bastnäsite, monazite, and xenotime are the three most significant...tailings from Bayan Obo but with smaller resources at Palabora, Steenkampskraal, and Mary Kathleen) and 12.4...Browns Range, etc.) defining the LREE as including La, Ce, Pr, and Nd, whereas the HREE (as reported by the...31 Optics, batteries, catalysis, hydrogen storage Ce 58 Cerium Light 63 Chemical applications, coloring
	Shu, Xiaochao, Liu, Yan, Li, Deliang (2020) Contrasting composition of two biotite generations in the Lizhuang rare‐earth element deposit, Sichuan Province, Southwestern China. Geological Journal, 55 (12). 7638-7658 doi:10.1002/gj.3862	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	aegirine-augite and generation II in association with bastnäsite-(Ce). We investigated chemical composition of the...much higher concentrations of Sr (up to 234 ppm) and Ba (up to 20,796 ppm), but lower levels of Li (47.5–126...ore comprising fluorite, quartz, calcite, and bastnäsite-(Ce). Mineral abbreviations: Ab, albite; Agt, aegirine-augite;...aegirine-augite; Arf, arfvedsonite; Bsn, bastnäsite(Ce); Cal, calcite; Fl, fluorite; Kfs, K-feldspar;...calcite-bastnäsite- two generations. Categorization of the two biotite generations was (Ce) ores. Bastnäsite-(Ce)
	Liu, Taotao, Song, Wenlei, Kynicky, Jindrich, Yang, Jinkun, Chen, Qian, Tang, Haiyan (2022) Automated Quantitative Characterization REE Ore Mineralogy from the Giant Bayan Obo Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China. Minerals, 12 (4) 426 doi:10.3390/min12040426	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	deposit. The mineral composition, occurrence, and Ce elemental deportment of the borehole ores at different...in abundance and occurrence. Monazite-(Ce) and bastnäsite-(Ce) are the primary REE host minerals, and...parisite-(Ce)/synchysite-(Ce), cerite-(Ce), huanghoite-(Ce)/cebaite-(Ce), and aeschynite-(Ce), are significant...deposit. Keywords: REE mineralization; monazite; bastnäsite; Bayan Obo; TIMA with regard to jurisdictional...426 4 of 21 (Ce), REE fluorocarbonate minerals (e.g., bastnäsite-(Ce) and parisite-(Ce), columbite-(Fe)
	Ciobanu, Cristiana, Kontonikas-Charos, Alkis, Slattery, Ashley, Cook, Nigel, Wade, Benjamin, Ehrig, Kathy (2017) Short-Range Stacking Disorder in Mixed-Layer Compounds: A HAADF STEM Study of Bastnäsite-Parisite Intergrowths. Minerals, 7 (11) 227 doi:10.3390/min7110227	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Mixed-Layer Compounds: A HAADF STEM Study of Bastnäsite-Parisite Intergrowths Cristiana L. Ciobanu 1...occurrence adjacent to the Olympic Dam deposit, South Australia. The aims are to define the species present...intergrowths account for the compositional range between bastnäsite and parasite, as measured by electron probe microanalysis...These comprise rhythmic intervals of parisite and bastnäsite, or stacking sequences with gradational changes...slab stacking between B, BBS and BS types (B—bastnäsite, S—synchysite). An additional occurrence of an
	*(2019) Thorium Resources as Co- and By-products of Rare Earth Deposits. IAEA TECDOC* 1892. International Atomic Energy Agency**	Report (issue)
	SEYCHELLES SIERRA LEONE SINGAPORE SLOVAKIA SLOVENIA SOUTH AFRICA SPAIN SRI LANKA SUDAN SWEDEN SWITZERLAND SYRIAN...and environment, as well as waste management and mine closure. Other topics covered include storage of........................................ 35 5.3.4. Mine closure .................................................................................. 50 SOUTH AFRICA ................................................................... 51 7.5.1. Steenkampskraal mine ...............................................
	*(2018) MGM volume 82 Supplement 1 Cover and Front matter. Mineralogical Magazine, 82. doi:10.1180/mgm.2018.126*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Fe-dolomite, barite, Ba-bearing phlogopite, hematite with accessory apatite, calcite, monazite-(Ce) and quartz...breaking down in igneous carbonatite, and monazite-(Ce) precipitating in rødbergite. The importance of micro-veins...also presented. These acted as a trap for monazite-(Ce) precipitation, a mechanism predicted by physical-chemical...carbonatite-hosted REE re- 1. Introduction The Fen Complex in south-eastern Norway (Fig. 1) is one of the classic carbonatite...Obo (China), Araxá and Catalão (Brazil), Phalaborwa (South Africa) are the main sources for light rare earth
	Liu, Shang, Fan, Hong-Rui, Yang, Kui-Feng, Hu, Fang-Fang, Wang, Kai-Yi, Chen, Fu-Kun, Yang, Yue-Heng, Yang, Zhan-Feng, Wang, Qi-Wei (2018) Mesoproterozoic and Paleozoic hydrothermal metasomatism in the giant Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit: Constrains from trace elements and Sr-Nd isotope of fluorite and preliminary thermodynamic calculation. Precambrian Research, 311. 228-246 doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2018.04.021	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Fluorites of diﬀerent occurrences and associated bastnäsite and monazite have similar Nd isotopic components...dolomite. The Sm-Nd system of some ﬂuorite and bastnäsite were reset during the Paleozoic alteration triggered...Na-amphiboles and REE/Nb-bearing minerals (e.g. bastnäsite, huanghoite, pyrochlore). The Th-Pb dating of...isochron age of ﬂuorite, aegirine, calcite and bastnäsite monominerals from veined-breccia type REE-Nb...trace elements and Sr-Nd isotopic components. Bastnäsite and monazite associated with these ﬂuorites were
	*Pracejus, Bernhard - Ed.* (2014) The Ore Minerals Under the Microscope (2nd ed.) Elsevier. doi:10.1016/c2012-0-01360-9**	Book (edition)
	penetrabrown on tion twins edges Germanocolusite Loparite-(Ce) Klockmannite yes strong, brownish grey strong...Hydrohetaerolite Schafarzikite Ilmenorutile Powellite Davidite(Ce, La, Y) Tapiolite-(Mn) Sphalerite Wurtzite Groutite...Oxyplumboroméite Birnessite Linarite Joaquinite-(Ce) Scheelite Annabergite Reflection Colour & Ø... Mineral Descriptions Molybdenite in Graphite; Bogala Mine, Sri Lanka 51 Copper, native Synonym(s): Cuivre...grey); North Mine (North Broken Hill Mine; NBH Mine), Broken Hill, Yancowinna Co., New South Wales, Australia;
	*Maier, Wolfgang D., Lahtinen, Raimo, O'Brien, Hugh - Eds.* (2015) Mineral Deposits of Finland. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/c2012-0-02750-0**	Book
	Kuopio, Finland P. Heino Yara Suomi Oy, Siilinjärvi Mine, Siilinjärvi, Finland R.J. Herrington The Natural...US T. Huhtelin QP-FRB Outokumpu Ferrochrome Kemi Mine, Kemi, Finland E. Hyvönen Geological Survey of Finland...Survey of Finland, Rovaniemi, Finland, Mustavaara Mine Ltd, Oulu, Finland J. Kinnunen Mawson Resources...Oulu, Finland Contributors T. Mäki Pyhäsalmi Mine Oy, Pyhäsalmi, Finland H.V. Makkonen Geological...Taipale Palsatech Oy, Rovaniemi, Finland Mustavaara Mine Ltd, Oulu, Finland, Finland O.T. Rämö University
	*Neukirchen, Florian, Ries, Gunnar (2020) The World of Mineral Deposits. Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34346-0*	Book
	is the minimum grade at which it is worthwhile to mine a certain deposit. Everything below it (low-grade...chalcopyrite (brass) from the Friedrich-Christian Mine in Wildschapbach, Black Forest (Germany) (photo...generally occur only in minor quantities, but can be of local importance. Rare-earth elements (REEs) represent...from the minerals monazite (REE phosphate) and bastnäsite (REE fluorocarbonate). Lithium and zinc can even...black Fig. 1.2 Chalcopyrite on quartz. Silberwiese Mine, Oberlahr, Westerwald (Germany) (photo © Monika
	*Johnsson, Erik - Ed.* (2013) 12th Biennial SGA Meeting, 12–15 August 2013, Uppsala, Sweden. Mineral deposit research for a high-tech world, 3.**	Conference Proceedings (Volume)
	Cover photograph: View of the Aitik open pit copper mine in the very north of Sweden. Mining operations started...charnockitic footwall of the Spruce Road deposit, South Kawishiwi intrusion, Duluth Complex, Minnesota,...Complex in the vicinity of the Steelpoort fault, South Africa – petrogenetic implications ..................alteration of the Uitkomst Complex, Mpumalanga, South Africa ..............................................the UG-2 chromitite, western Bushveld Complex, South Africa .........................................
	*Johnsson, Erik - Ed.* (2013) 12th Biennial SGA Meeting, 12–15 August 2013, Uppsala, Sweden. Mineral deposit research for a high-tech world, 4.**	Conference Proceedings (Volume)
	Cover photograph: View of the Aitik open pit copper mine in the very north of Sweden. Mining operations started...Heerenveen granites/pegmatites (Barberton area, South Africa): a possible source for the Dominion Reef quartz...of the pelitic schist in the Dufferin Lake Zone, south central Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan, Canada ...through polycyclic orogeny: the example of the Litsa district, Russia Anne-Sylvie André-Mayer, Michel Cuney...mantle-crustal ore-forming systems of the Pechenga ore district (Fennoscandian shield) .....................
	*(2022) Geology and Geochemistry of Molybdenum Deposits in the Qinling Orogen, P R China* - Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences No. 22. Springer Singapore. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4871-7**	Book
	Orogen has been formed by the collision between South China and North China continents. It includes four...termed Huaxiong Block, North Qinling Accretion Belt, South Qinling Fold Belt, and Songpan Fold Belt. It witnessed...eventually formed by the Mesozoic collision between the South China and North China continents. The Mesozoic collisional...deﬁned by the Longmenshan-Dabashan Fault to the south and the Sanmenxia-Baofeng (San-Bao) Fault to the...Craton), the North Qinling Accretion Belt (NQL), the South Qinling Fold Belt (SQL) and the Songpan Fold Belt

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Bastnäsite-(Ce) from Palabora Mine, Phalaborwa, Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality, Mopani District Municipality, Limpopo, South Africa

Bastnäsite-(Ce) from
Palabora Mine, Phalaborwa, Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality, Mopani District Municipality, Limpopo, South Africa