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Phocoenidae

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	53269	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53269

Rank

family (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Phocoenidae

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
order	Cetacea	Brisson 1762
-	Pelagiceti	Uhen 2008
-	Neoceti	Fordyce and de Muizon 2001
suborder	Odontoceti	Flower 1867
infraorder	Delphinida	Muizon 1984
superfamily	Delphinoidea	Flower 1865
family	Phocoenidae	Gray 1825

Common Name

porpoise

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Phocoenidae	tribe	belongs to Delphinidae	stated without evidence	Gray, 1825
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Delphinoceti	stated without evidence	Abel, 1914
Phocoenidae	tribe	belongs to Delphinidae	stated without evidence	Zittel, 1925
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Delphinoceti	stated without evidence	Van Deinse, 1931
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	stated without evidence	Slijper, 1936
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Delphinoidea	stated without evidence	Simpson, 1945
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	stated without evidence	Ellerman and Morrisson-Scott, 1951
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Delphinoidea	stated without evidence	Kasuya, 1973
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	implied	Carroll, 1988
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Cetacea	implied	Nowak, 1991
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Delphinoidea	stated without evidence	Vidal, 1991
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	stated without evidence	Benton, 1993
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Delphinoidea	stated without evidence	Fordyce and Barnes, 1994
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Delphinoidea	implied	McKenna and Bell, 1997
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	stated without evidence	Rice, 1998
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Delphinoidea	stated without evidence	Ichishima and Kimura, 2000
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	stated without evidence	Geisler and Sanders, 2003
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Delphinoidea	stated without evidence	Gingerich, 2005
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Odontoceti	stated without evidence	Mead and Brownell, 2005
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Delphinoidea	stated without evidence	Bianucci and Landini, 2007
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Monodontoidae	stated without evidence	Geisler et al., 2011
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Delphinoidea	stated with evidence	Murakami et al., 2012
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Delphinoidea	stated without evidence	Murakami et al., 2012
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Delphinoidea	stated with evidence	Marx et al., 2016
Phocoenidae	family	belongs to Monodontoidae	stated without evidence	Berta, 2017

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

16 (35%)

First Recorded Appearance

16.0 - 13.8 Ma
Miocene

Environment

marine,freshwater (based on Odontoceti)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Cetacea)

Diet

piscivore (based on Phocoenidae)

Reproduction

viviparous (based on Odontoceti)

Ontogeny

modification of parts (based on Cetacea)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite (based on Odontoceti)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. E. Gray. 1825. An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe. Annals of Philosophy, new series 10:337-344

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Phocoeninae subfamily	listed (PBDB)	1	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Phocoenoidinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)	1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Archaeophocaena ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	7.25 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Australithax ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	11.6 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Brabocetus ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Haborophocoena ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	3	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Lomacetus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Loxolithax ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	16.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Miophocaena ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	7.25 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Neophocaena genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	7	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Numataphocoena ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Phocoena genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	26	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Phocoenoides genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	6	0.01 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Piscolithax ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	8	11.6 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Pterophocaena ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Salumiphocaena ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	11.6 Ma Miocene	10.3 Ma Miocene
Semirostrum ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	4	7.25 Ma Miocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Septemtriocetus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	3.60 Ma Pliocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1825	Phocaenina Gray p. 340
1864	Phocaenina Gray p. 244
1868	Phocaenina Gray p. 8
1914	Phocaenidae Abel p. 221
1925	Phocaenini Zittel p. 87
1931	Phocaenidae Van Deinse p. 33
1936	Phocaenidae Slijper p. 556
1945	Phocaenidae Simpson p. 104
1951	Phocaenidae Ellerman and Morrisson-Scott p. 728
1973	Phocoenidae Kasuya p. 61
1974	Phocoenidae Gaskin et al. p. 1
1975	Phocoenidae Brownell p. 1
1983	Phocoenidae Brownell
1984	Phocoenidae Brownell and Praderi p. 1
1984	Phocoenidae Muizon p. 79
1985	Phocaenidae Barnes p. 161
1985	Phocoenidae Barnes et al. p. 25
1988	Phocaenidae Carroll
1988	Phocaenidae de Muizon p. 189
1991	Phocoenidae Nowak
1991	Phocoenidae Vidal p. 5
1993	Phocaenidae Benton p. 762
1994	Phocoenidae Fordyce and Barnes p. 429 figs. Table 1

Year	Name and Author
1995	Phocoenidae Fordyce et al. p. 340
1997	Phocaenidae McKenna and Bell p. 390
1998	Phocoenidae Rice p. 121
2000	Phocaenidae Ichishima and Kimura p. 561
2001	Phocoenidae Fordyce and de Muizon p. 179
2002	Phocoenidae Rice p. 231 figs. Table 1
2003	Phocoenidae Geisler and Sanders p. 28
2005	Phocoenidae Gingerich p. 237 figs. Table 15.1
2005	Phocoenidae Ichishima and Kimura p. 655
2005	Phocoenidae Mead and Brownell p. 735
2007	Phocoenidae Bianucci and Landini p. 45 figs. Table 2.1
2008	Phocoenidae Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 981 figs. Fig. 4.3
2008	Phocoenidae Foekens p. 7 figs. Table 1
2008	Phocoenidae Uhen et al. p. 591
2009	Phocoenidae Ichishima and Kimura p. 857
2009	Phocoenidae Rice p. 235 figs. Table 1
2010	Phocoenidae Canto et al. p. 20
2011	Phocoenidae Geisler et al. p. 29 figs. Figure 5
2012	Phocoenidae Murakami et al. p. 1158 figs. Figure 8
2015	Phocoenidae Murakami p. 99
2016	Phocoenidae Marx et al. p. 137
2016	Phocoenidae Tanaka and Ichishima p. 2
2017	Phocoenidae Berta p. 164

References

Gray J. E. An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe, Annals of Philosophy, new series 10, 337-344

Gray J. E. On the Cetacea which have been observed in the seas surrounding the British Islands, Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London 1864, 195-248

Gray J. E. , Synopsis of the species of whales and dolphins in the Collection of the British Museum, 1-10

Abel O. (1914) Die vorfahren der bartenwale, Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 90, 155-224

Van Deinse A. B. (1931) , De fossilele en recente Cetacea van Nederland, 1-304

Slijper E. J. (1936) Die Cetaceen, Capita Zoologica 7, 1-590

Simpson G. G. (1945) The principles of classification and a classification of mammals, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 85, 1-350

Ellerman J. R., Morrisson-Scott T. C. S. (1951) , Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946, 1-810

Muizon C. (1984) Les vertebres fossiles de la Formation Pisco (Perou) II: Les Odontocetes (Cetacea, Mammalia) du Pliocene inferieur de Sud-Sacaco, Institut Francais d'Etudes Andines Editions Recherche sur les Civilizations Memoire 50, 1-188

Barnes L. G. (1985) Evolution, taxonomy and antitropical distributions of the porpoises (Phocoenidae, Mammalia), Marine Mammal Science 1 2, 149-165

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

de Muizon C. (1988) Les relations phylogenetiques des Delphinida (Cetacea, Mammalia), Annales de Paleontologie 74 4, 159-227

Nowak R. M. (1991) Walker's Mammals of the World, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press (edited volume) II

Vidal O. (1991) Catalog of osteological collections of aquatic mammals from Mexico, NOAA Technical Reports NMFS 97, 1-36

Benton M. J. (1993) , The Fossil Record 2, 1-845

McKenna M. C., Bell S. K. (1997) , Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level, 1-640

Rice D. W. (1998) Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution, The Society for Marine Mammalogy Special Publication 4, 1-231

Ichishima H., Kimura M. (2000) A new fossil porpoise (Cetacea; Delphinoidea; Phocoenidae) from the early Pliocene Horokaoshirarika Formation, Hokkaido, Japan, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 3, 561-576

Fordyce R. E., de Muizon C. (2001) Evolutionary history of the cetaceans: a review, Secondary Adaptations of Tetrapods to Life in the Water, 169-233

Ichishima H., Kimura M. (2005) Harborophocoena toyoshimai, a anew early Pliocene porpoise (Cetacea, Phocoenidae) from Hokkaido, Japan, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 3, 655-664

Mead J. G., Brownell R. L. (2005) Order Cetacea, Mammalian Species of the World, 723-743

Agnarsson I., May-Collado L. J. (2008) The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: The importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48, 964-985

Foekens R. (2008) Fossiele gehoorbeentjes van walvissen uit Mill, Noord-Brabant, Cranium 25, 5-20

Uhen M. D., Fordyce R. E., et al (2008) Odontoceti, Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America II, 566-606

Ichishima H., Kimura M. (2009) A new species of Haborophocoena, an Early Pliocene phocoenid cetacean from Hokkaido, Japan, Marine Mammal Science 25 4, 855-874 doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00293.x

Canto J., Yanez J., et al (2010) Estado actual del conocimiento de los mamíferos fósiles de Chile, Estudios Geologicos 66 2, 255-284 doi:10.3989/egeol.39778.05

Geisler J. H., McGowen M. R., et al (2011) A supermatrix analysis of genomic, morphological, and paleontological data from crown Cetacea, BMC Evolutionary Biology 11 112, 1-33

Murakami M., Shimada C., et al (2012) A new basal porpoise, Pterophocaena nishinoi (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinoidea), from the Upper Miocene of Japan and its phylogenetic relationships, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32 5, 1157-1171

Murakami M. (2015) New fossil remains from the Pliocene Koetoi Formation of northern Japan provide insights into growth rates and the vertebral evolution of porpoises, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 60 1, 97-111 doi:10.4202/app.2012.0127

Marx F. G., Lambert O., et al (2016) Cetacean Paleobiology, 1-319

Tanaka Y., Ichishima H. (2016) A new skull of the fossil porpoise Numataphocoena yamashitai (Cetacea: Phocoenidae) from the upper part of the Horokaoshirarika Formation (lower Pliocene), Numata Town, Hokkaido, Japan, and its phylogenetic position, Palaeontologia Electronica 19.3 49A, 1-28

Berta A. (2017) , The Rise of Marine Mammals: 50 Million Years of Evolution, 1-198

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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