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Plecia

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Description

Plecia is a genus of March flies (Bibionidae).

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plecia, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	1590132	https://www.gbif.org/species/1590132
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	70722	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=70722

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Bilateria
-	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
-	Protostomia	Grobben 1908
-	Ecdysozoa
-	Panarthropoda
phylum	Arthropoda	Latreille 1829
subphylum	Mandibulata
-	Pancrustacea
superclass	Hexapoda	Latreille 1825
-	Cercofilata	Kukalová-Peck 1987
class	Insecta	Linnaeus 1758
-	Dicondylia
-	Paranotalia	Sroka et al. 2014
subclass	Pterygota	Brauer 1885
-	Neopterygota	Crampton 1924
infraclass	Neoptera	Martynov 1923
-	Holometabola
-	Aparaglossata
-	Mecopterida
superorder	Antliophora
order	Diptera	Linnaeus 1758
-	Neodiptera	Michelsen 1994
infraorder	Bibionomorpha
superfamily	Bibionoidea	Fleming 1821
family	Bibionidae	Fleming 1821
subfamily	Pleciinae	Duda 1930
genus	Plecia	Wiedemann 1828

Common Name

love bug

Scientific Name

Plecia Wiedemann, 1828

Name Published In

Wiedemann, Christian R. W. 1828. Aussereuropäische Zweiflügelige Insekten. Schulz, Hamm. Vol. t.1: i-xxxii; 1-608; pls.1-7.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Plecia	genus	belongs to Bibionidae	stated with evidence	Aldrich, 1905
Plecia	genus	belongs to Bibionidae	stated without evidence	Cockerell, 1921
Plecia	genus	belongs to Bibionidae	stated with evidence	Meunier, 1923
Plecia	genus	belongs to Bibionidae	stated without evidence	James, 1937
Plecia	genus	belongs to Bibioninae	stated with evidence	Theobald, 1937
Plecia	genus	belongs to Bibionidae	stated with evidence	James, 1938
Plecia	genus	belongs to Penthetriidae	stated without evidence	Hong and Wang, 1985
Plecia	genus	belongs to Pleciinae	stated with evidence	Zhang, 1989
Plecia	genus	belongs to Bibionidae	stated without evidence	Carpenter, 1992
Plecia	genus	belongs to Pleciinae	stated with evidence	Wappler, 2003

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

120

Extant Size (PBDB)

1 (0.83%)

First Recorded Appearance

83.5 - 70.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous

Environment

terrestrial (based on Insecta)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Arthropoda)

Taphonomy

chitin (based on Insecta)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

Y. Hong and W. Wang. 1985. Miocene Diptera and Hymenoptera (Insecta) of Shanwang, Shandong Province, China. Memoirs of the Beijing Natural History Museum 31:1-22

Common Name(s)

Love Bug

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plecia

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Bibio chapuisii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Penthetria angustipennis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Penthetria avus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Penthetria canadensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Penthetria curtula species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Penthetria elatior species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Penthetria nana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Penthetria platyptera species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Penthetria pulchra species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Penthetria pulla species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Penthetria reducta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Penthetria similkameena species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Penthetria transitoria species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia abava ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Plecia abditigiga species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia acourti ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Plecia aculeolata ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia acuminata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia acutirostris species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia adiastola species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia affinidecora species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia affiniparva species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia affinis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia akantha species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia akerionana ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	46.2 Ma Eocene	46.2 Ma Eocene
Plecia alacris species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia aliena species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia amagua ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia americana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia amplipennis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia amplitergum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia angularis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia angustipennis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Plecia angustiventris ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	38.0 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Plecia antenata ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Plecia anthophila species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia apoxys species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia arachne species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia argentina species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia aruensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia assamensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia assonensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Plecia aterrima species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia atroilla species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia avicephaliforma species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia avus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		7	56.0 Ma Paleocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Plecia axeliana ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Plecia baglii ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	7.25 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Plecia bakeri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia basalis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia bequaerti species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia biarmata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia bicolor species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia bicuspidata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia bidens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia bifida species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia bifoliolata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia biformis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia bilobata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia bisulca species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia bivalvula ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia boliviana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia borneensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia borussica ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Plecia brachystylata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia brazilana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia brunneipennis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	3.60 Ma Pliocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Plecia brunniptera ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Plecia bucklandi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		29	33.9 Ma Oligocene	12.7 Ma Miocene
Plecia burmensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia buruensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia cairnesi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Plecia cana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia canadensis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		6	56.0 Ma Paleocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Plecia capitata ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia castellaroi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	7.25 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Plecia celodens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia chalybaeus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia chapuisii ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Plecia chinensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia clavifemur ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Plecia clina species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia collaris species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia concava species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia concolor species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia confusa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia conica ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Plecia connata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia convaluta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia cornistylus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia coronata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia costalis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia crenula species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia curta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia curtispina species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia curtula ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		7	56.0 Ma Paleocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Plecia curvatineura species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia curvistyla species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia curvistylata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia cuspidata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia decapitata ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Plecia decepta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia decora species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia dejecta ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	50.3 Ma Eocene	50.3 Ma Eocene
Plecia dentata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia diatoma ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia digitiformis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia dilacerabilis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia dilatata ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Plecia dimidiata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia diopsa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia discolor species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia disjuncta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia disparis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia diversa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia dorsalis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia dubia species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia dumasi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Plecia duplicis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia ecuadorensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia elatior ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Plecia elegantula ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Plecia elongata ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Plecia emeiensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia ephippium species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia erebea species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia erebeoidea species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia erubescens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia evansi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia evexa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia exechia species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia exigua ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Plecia explanata ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Plecia exposita ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		3	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Plecia exposititia ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Plecia fasciapenna species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia femorata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia flavibasis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia foersteri ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		17	38.0 Ma Eocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Plecia forcipata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia forcipiformis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia forficula species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia freemani species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia fulvicollis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia fumida species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia fumidula species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia fumosa ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia funebris species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia furcaura species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia furva species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia fuscinervis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia gibbosa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia gilvipennis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia gracilentula ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia gracillima ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Plecia gradata ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Plecia grandaeva ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		3	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Plecia gressitti species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia grisea species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia grossa ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		3	33.9 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Plecia gurneyi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia hadrosoma species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia hamata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia hardyi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia heeri ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Plecia heliomyia species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia hilaris ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	12.7 Ma Miocene	12.7 Ma Miocene
Plecia hoffeinsorum ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Plecia hypogaea ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		3	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Plecia imocellata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia impensa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia imperialis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia imperialis ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Plecia impilosa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia impostor species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia inconspicua species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia incospicua species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia incurvata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia inflata ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Plecia inflata ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Plecia insolita species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia intercedens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia intima ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	3.60 Ma Pliocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Plecia intricata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia jamaicana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia javensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia jianfengana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia jubata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia jucunda ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		4	12.7 Ma Miocene	12.7 Ma Miocene
Plecia kanetakii ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	16.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Plecia keiseri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia kelownaensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Plecia kudiella ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia kuznetzovi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia laffooni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia lapidaria ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	33.9 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Plecia larguensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Plecia lateodens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia lateralis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia laticlavum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia lieftincki species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia lindneri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia livida ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		32	33.9 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Plecia longifolia species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia longiforceps species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia longifurca species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia longipalpus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia lopesi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia luctuosa ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		4	33.9 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Plecia ludongensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia lusca species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia luteola ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Plecia lygaeoides ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		12	33.9 Ma Oligocene	12.7 Ma Miocene
Plecia macilenta ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	28.1 Ma Oligocene	12.7 Ma Miocene
Plecia macrocephala ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Plecia maculata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia madagascarensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia magnispina species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia maimensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Plecia malabarana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia malayaensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia malkini species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia mallochi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia manni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia marginata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia maura species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia mayoensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia melanderi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Plecia membranifera species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia micans species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia minutula ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Plecia monticola species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia morio ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	28.4 Ma Oligocene	12.7 Ma Miocene
Plecia morosa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia multilobata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia myersi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	83.5 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Plecia nagatomii species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia nana ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Plecia nearctica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia neglecta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia nigra species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia nigrescens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia nilgirensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia nitidicollis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia nitidipes species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia obsitula ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia obtusicornis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia obtusilobata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia octodentata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia oculastra species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia odontata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia okadai species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia ornaticornis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia ornithocephala species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia orycta ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Plecia oustaleti ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	33.9 Ma Oligocene	33.9 Ma Oligocene
Plecia paenerubescens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia pagdeni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia palauensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia panamaensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia paracollaris species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia parisiensis ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	55.8 Ma Eocene	55.8 Ma Eocene
Plecia parva species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia parvistylata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia patula species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia pauliani species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia pealei ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	55.8 Ma Eocene	55.8 Ma Eocene
Plecia pellucida species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia pennata ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Plecia perplexa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia persimilis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia pertinens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia peruviana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia philippi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Plecia pictipennis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		11	56.0 Ma Paleocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Plecia pinguis ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Plecia pisaurensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	7.25 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Plecia plagiata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia platoptera ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia platyptera ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	56.0 Ma Paleocene	56.0 Ma Paleocene
Plecia platystila species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia platyura species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia porca species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia prisca ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Plecia pristina ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	23.0 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia prolixa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia propeforcipata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia propria species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia proserpina ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Plecia protea species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia pruinosa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia pudica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia pulchella ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Plecia pulchra ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	56.0 Ma Paleocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Plecia pulla ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Plecia pullata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia pulliparva species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia punctulata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia pyralis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia quadrata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia quadrivittata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia quaesita ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	16.9 Ma Miocene	16.9 Ma Miocene
Plecia quasimaculata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia quatei species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia ramosa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia recaviterga species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia reclusa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia rectiora species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia rectivenia ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia redempta ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia reducta ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		7	56.0 Ma Paleocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Plecia redunca species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia refracta ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia retusa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia rhenana ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	33.9 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Plecia rhinigera species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia rhodopterina ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	50.3 Ma Eocene	50.3 Ma Eocene
Plecia robusta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia rostellata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia rufangularis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia ruficollis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia ruficornis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia rufilatera species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia rufimarginata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia rufiscutella species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia rufithorax species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia rugosa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia sana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia satyrus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Plecia scenica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia schineri ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Plecia seminitens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia septentrionalis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia serrata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia serrifera species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia siamensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia similis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia similkameena ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		3	56.0 Ma Paleocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Plecia sinensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia solaris ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia sordida species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia spilota species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia spinula ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia stricta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia stuckenbergi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia sturmi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Plecia stygia ✝ species	listed (PBDB)
Plecia stysa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia subvarians species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia sundaensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia superba ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Plecia tanzaniensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia tecta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia tenebrosa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia tenuicornis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	38.0 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene
Plecia tephra species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia tergorata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia tessella ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	37.2 Ma Eocene	37.2 Ma Eocene
Plecia tetrascolata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia theobaldi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Plecia thulinigra species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia tijbodensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia transitoria ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		9	56.0 Ma Paleocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Plecia tridens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia trifida species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia trilobata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia triquetra species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia tristis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia trunca species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia tulameenensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	56.0 Ma Paleocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Plecia uberta species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia ugandaensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia uncinata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia undans ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	59.2 Ma Paleocene	59.2 Ma Paleocene
Plecia varabilis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia varians species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia vergnei ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	8.70 Ma Miocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Plecia verruca species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia veterana ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Plecia villosa ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia visenda species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia vittata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia vulcania ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	20.4 Ma Miocene	20.4 Ma Miocene
Plecia vulpina ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	28.1 Ma Oligocene	28.1 Ma Oligocene
Plecia winchesteri ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	50.3 Ma Eocene	50.3 Ma Eocene
Plecia winnertzi ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	28.4 Ma Oligocene	28.4 Ma Oligocene
Plecia wittei species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia woodruffi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	50.3 Ma Eocene	50.3 Ma Eocene
Plecia xenia species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia xyele species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia yabaensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia yunnanica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia zamboanga species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Plecia zernyi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protomyia abava species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protomyia antenata species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protomyia elegantula species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protomyia exposititia species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protomyia grandaeva species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protomyia heeri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protomyia hypogaea species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protomyia jucunda species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protomyia luctuosa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protomyia luteola species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protomyia macrocephala species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protomyia oustaleti species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protomyia pinguis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protomyia proserpina species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protomyia schineri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protomyia veterana species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Protomyia winnertzi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Clothonopsis miocenica Hong & Wang, 1987	GBIF	species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : *Clothonopsis miocenica*
Plecia rubescens (Oustalet, 1870)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : *Plecia rubescens*
Bibio painvini (Meunier, 1915)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : *Bibio painvini*
Plecia retracta Theobald, 1937	GBIF	species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : *Plecia retracta*
Protomyia sauvagei (Oustalet, 1870)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : *Protomyia sauvagei*
? rubescens Oustalet, 1870	GBIF	unranked	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : ? rubescens
Plecia pallida (Oustalet, 1870)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : *Plecia pallida*
Protomyia joannis (Oustalet, 1870)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : *Protomyia joannis*
Protomyia longipennis (Oustalet, 1870)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : *Protomyia longipennis*
Bibio lartetii (Oustalet, 1870)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : *Bibio lartetii*
Bibio cylindratus Oustalet, 1870	GBIF	species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : *Bibio cylindratus*
Plecia sauvagei (Oustalet, 1870)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : *Plecia sauvagei*
Plecia painvini (Meunier, 1915)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : *Plecia painvini*
Penthetria sauvagei (Oustalet, 1870)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : *Penthetria sauvagei*
Plecia larteti (Oustalet, 1870)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : *Plecia larteti*
Penthetria pallida (Oustalet, 1870)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : *Penthetria pallida*
Penthetria longipennis (Oustalet, 1870)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : *Penthetria longipennis*
Penthetria joannis (Oustalet, 1870)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : *Penthetria joannis*
Plecia joannis (Oustalet, 1870)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : *Plecia joannis*
Plecia longipennis (Oustalet, 1870)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Arthropoda : Insecta : Diptera : Bibionidae : Plecia : *Plecia longipennis*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1823	Plecia Wiedemann p. 72
1870	Plecia pallida Oustalet p. 118 figs. Pl 3, figs 11-13
1870	Bibio cylindratus Oustalet p. 133 figs. Pl 4, fig 12
1870	Bibio lartetii Oustalet p. 137 figs. Pl 4, figs 10,14
1870	Protomyia longipennis Oustalet p. 141 figs. Pl 6, fig 1
1870	Protomyia joannis Oustalet p. 143 figs. Pl 6, figs 4,14
1870	Protomyia sauvagei Oustalet p. 146 figs. Pl 6, fig 6
1878	Plecia joannis Brongniart p. 48
1878	Plecia lartetii Brongniart p. 48
1878	Plecia sauvagei Brongniart p. 48
1879	Epiplecia Giard
1891	Plecia pallida Förster p. 474 figs. Pl 14, fig 16
1905	Plecia Aldrich p. 164
1915	Bibio painvini Meunier p. 16 fig. 18
1921	Plecia Cockerell
1923	Plecia Meunier p. 86
1925	Plecia Cockerell p. 12
1931	Plecia Pongrácz p. 118
1937	Plecia James p. 241
1937	Plecia Theobald p. 133

Year	Name and Author
1937	Bibio painvini Theobald p. 332
1937	Plecia retracta Theobald p. 341 figs. Pl XXII fig 4
1938	Plecia James p. 114
1941	Plecia Zeuner
1943	Plecia Statz
1959	Plecia Rice p. 8
1985	Plecia Hong and Wang p. 18
1987	Clothonopsis Hong and Wang p. 258
1987	Clothonopsis miocenica Hong and Wang p. 258 figs. Pl 1, fig 1; text-fig 1
1989	Plecia Zhang p. 328
1992	Plecia Carpenter
1994	Penthetria joannis Evenhuis
1994	Penthetria longipennis Evenhuis
1994	Penthetria pallida Evenhuis
1994	Penthetria sauvagei Evenhuis
1994	Bibio larteti Evenhuis p. 124
2003	Plecia Wappler p. 154
2004	Plecia joannis Fitzgerald p. 273
2009	Plecia Skartveit p. 14
2019	Plecia Nel et al. p. 534

References

Hong Y., Wang W. (1985) Miocene Diptera and Hymenoptera (Insecta) of Shanwang, Shandong Province, China, Memoirs of the Beijing Natural History Museum 31, 1-22

Oustalet E. Recherches sur les insectes fossiles des terrains Tertiaires de la France, première partie, insectes fossiles de l'Auvergne, Annales des Sciences Géologiques, Paris 2 3, 1-178

Förster B. Die Insekten der "Plattigen Steinmergels" von Brunstatt, Abhandlungen zur Geologischen Specialkarte von Elsass-Lothringen, Band 3 1, 335-593

Aldrich J. M. (1905) A catalogue of North American Diptera (or two-winged flies), Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 46 2, 1-680

Meunier F. (1915) Nouvelles recherches sur quelques insectes des Plâtrières d'Aix en Provence, Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam 18 5, 1-17

Cockerell T. D. A. (1921) Eocene Insects from the Rocky Mountains, Proceedings of the United States National Museum 57, 233-260

Meunier F. (1923) Sur quelques insectes de l'Aquitanien de Rott (Sept-Monts, Rhénanie), Miscellanea Entomologica, Revue Entomologique Internationale 26, 82-88

Cockerell T. D. A. (1925) Tertiary insects from Kudia River, Maritime Province, Siberia, Proceedings of the United States National Museum 68 5, 1-16

Pongrácz A. (1931) Bemerkungen über die Insektenfauna von Oeningen nebst Revision der Heer'schen Typen, Verhandlungen des Naturhistorisch-Medizinischen Vereins zu Heidelberg 17 2, 104-125

James M. T. (1937) A preliminary review of certain families of Diptera from the Florissant Miocene Beds, Journal of Paleontology 11 3, 241-247

Theobald N. (1937) Les insectes fossiles des terrains oligocènes de France, Bulletin Mensuel (Mémoires) de la Société des Sciences de Nancy 1, 1-473

James M. T. (1938) Fossil Insects from the Creede Formation, Colorado Part 1. Diptera family Bibionidae, Psyche 45, 114-115

Zeuner F. E. (1941) The Eocene Insects of the Ardtun Beds, Isle of Mull, Scotland, The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Eleventh Series 7, 82-100

Statz G. (1943) Neue Dipteren (Nematocera) aus dem Oberoligocan von Rott. 1. Familie Bibionidae (Haarmucken), Palaeontographica Abteilung A 95, 1-65

Rice H. M. A. (1959) Fossil Bibionidae (Diptera) from British Columbia, Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 55, 1-36

Hong Y. C., Wang W. L. (1987) Miocene Emboptera and Coleoptera (Insecta) of Shanwang, Shandong Province, China, Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology 17, 257-262

Zhang J. F. (1989) , Fossil Insects From Shanwang, Shandong, China, 1-459

Carpenter F. M. (1992) , Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part R, Arthropoda 4: Superclass Hexapoda 3/4, 1-655

Evenhuis N. L. (1994) , Catalogue of the Fossil Flies of the World (Insecta: Diptera), 1-600

Wappler T. (2003) Systematik, Phylogenie, Taphonomie und Paläoökologie der Insekten aus dem Mittel-Eozän des Eckfelder Maares, Vulkaneifel, Clausthaler Geowissenschaften 2, 1-241

Fitzgerald S. J. (2004) Evolution and classification of the Bibionidae (Diptera: Bibionomorpha), Doctoral Dissertation, Oregon State University, 1-385

Skartveit J. (2009) Fossil Hesperinidae and Bibionidae from Baltic amber (Diptera: Bibionoidea), Studia Dipterologica 15, 3-42

Auss. Eur. Zweifl., 1 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

CoL2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000, PaleoDB - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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