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Amynodontidae ✝

Description

Amynodontidae ("threatening tooth") is a family of extinct perissodactyls related to true rhinoceroses. They are commonly portrayed as semiaquatic hippo-like rhinos but this description only fits members of the Metamynodontini; other groups of amynodonts like the cadurcodontines had more typical ungulate proportions and convergently evolved a tapir-like proboscis. Their fossils have been found in North America, and Eurasia ranging in age from the Middle Eocene to the Early Oligocene, with a single genus (Cadurcotherium) surviving into the Late Oligocene in South Asia (Pakistan). The genus Metamynodon may have survived into the early Miocene.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)4830434https://www.gbif.org/species/4830434
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)43168https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43168
Rankfamily
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Amynodontidae
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Amynodontidae
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SynapsidaOsborn 1903
-Therapsida
infraorderCynodontia
-EpicynodontiaHopson and Kitching 2001
infraorderEucynodontiaKemp 1982
-ProbainognathiaHopson 1990
-MammaliamorphaRowe 1988
-MammaliaformesRowe 1988
classMammaliaLinnaeus 1758
subclassTribosphenida
infraclassEutheria
-PlacentaliaOwen 1837
orderPerissodactyla
-Tapiromorpha
-Ceratomorpha
superfamilyRhinocerotoideaGray 1821
familyAmynodontidaeScott and Osborn 1883
Scientific NameAmynodontidae
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Amynodontidaefamilybelongs to Rhinocerotoideastated without evidenceHay, 1902
Amynodontidaesubfamilybelongs to Hyracodontidaestated with evidencePeterson, 1919
Amynodontidaefamilybelongs to Rhinocerotoideastated without evidenceHough, 1955
Amynodontidaefamilybelongs to Rhinocerotoideastated with evidenceRadinsky, 1966
Amynodontidaefamilybelongs to RhinocerotoideaimpliedCarroll, 1988
Amynodontidaefamilybelongs to Rhinocerotoideastated without evidenceProthero and Schoch, 1989
Amynodontidaefamilybelongs to Rhinocerotoideastated with evidenceHolbrook, 1999
Status (PBDB)extinct
Taxon Size (PBDB)59
First Recorded Appearance56.0 - 47.8 Ma
Eocene
Last Recorded Appearance2.59 - 0.78 Ma
Pleistocene
Environmentterrestrial (based on Eutheria)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)
Dietbrowser
Taphonomyphosphatic (based on Vertebrata)
Primary Reference (PBDB)W. B. Scott and H. F. Osborn. 1883. On the Skull of the Eocene Rhinoceros, Orthocynodon, and the Relation of This Genus to Other Members of the Group. Contributions from the E. M. Museum of Geology and Archaeology of Princeton College, Bulletin 3(1):3-22
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amynodontidae

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Amynodontinae
subfamily
listed (PBDB)
Rostriamynodontinae
subfamily
listed (PBDB)
Cadurcodontini
tribe
listed (PBDB)6848.6 Ma
Eocene
28.1 Ma
Oligocene
Metamynodontini
tribe
listed (PBDB)4748.6 Ma
Eocene
2.59 Ma
Pleistocene
Amynodon
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
5848.6 Ma
Eocene
28.1 Ma
Oligocene
Amynodontopsis
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1747.8 Ma
Eocene
38.0 Ma
Eocene
Andarakodon
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Cadurcodon
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
4948.6 Ma
Eocene
28.4 Ma
Oligocene
Cadurcotherium
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
833.9 Ma
Oligocene
28.1 Ma
Oligocene
Megalamynodon
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
146.2 Ma
Eocene
46.2 Ma
Eocene
Metamynodon
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
2348.6 Ma
Eocene
33.9 Ma
Oligocene
Orthocynodon
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Procadurcodon
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
148.6 Ma
Eocene
48.6 Ma
Eocene
Rostriamynodon
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
148.6 Ma
Eocene
48.6 Ma
Eocene
Sharamynodon
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1556.0 Ma
Paleocene
37.2 Ma
Eocene
Zaisanamynodon
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1048.6 Ma
Eocene
37.2 Ma
Eocene

Obsolete Names

NameSourceTaxon RankTaxonomy
Gigantamynodon maguanensis Qi, 1992GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Amynodontidae : Gigantamynodon maguanensis
Gigantamynodon giganteus Xu, 1961GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Amynodontidae : Gigantamynodon giganteus
Gigantamynodon cessator Gromova, 1954GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Amynodontidae : Gigantamynodon cessator

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1883Amynodontidae Scott and Osborn p. 4
1902Amynodontidae Hay p. 641
1919Amynodontinae Peterson p. 130
1942Cadurcotheriinae Kretzoi
1942Paramynodontinae Kretzoi
1954Gigantamynodon Gromova
1954Gigantamynodon cessator Gromova
1955Amynodontidae Hough p. 32
1961Gigantamynodon giganteus Xu
1966Amynodontidae Radinsky p. 631
1986Amynodontidae Wall and Manning p. 911
YearName and Author
1986Gigantamynodon Wall and Manning p. 917
1988Amynodontidae Carroll
1988Gigantamynodon Carroll
1989Amynodontidae Prothero and Schoch p. 534
1989Gigantamynodon Prothero and Schoch p. 534
1992Gigantamynodon Qi
1992Gigantamynodon maguanensis Qi
1996Amynodontidae Dashzeveg p. 8
1999Amynodontidae Holbrook p. 346
2016Amynodontidae Wang et al.

References

Scott W. B., Osborn H. F. On the Skull of the Eocene Rhinoceros, Orthocynodon, and the Relation of This Genus to Other Members of the Group, Contributions from the E. M. Museum of Geology and Archaeology of Princeton College, Bulletin 3 1, 3-22
Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868
Peterson O. A. (1919) Report Upon the Material Discovered in the Upper Eocene of the Uinta Basin by Earl Douglas in the Years 1908-1909, and by O. A. Peterson in 1912, Annals of Carnegie Museum 12 2, 40-168
Hough J. (1955) An Upper Eocene Fauna from the Sage Creek Area, Beaverhead County, Montana, Journal of Paleontology 29 1, 22-36
Xu Y.-X. (1961) Some Oligocene Mammals from Chuching, Yunnan, Vertebrata PalAsiatica 5 4, 315-325
Radinsky L. B. (1966) The families of the Rhinocerotoidea (Mammalia, Perissodactyla), Journal of Mammalogy 47 4, 631-639
Wall W. P., Manning E. (1986) Rostriamynodon grangeri n. gen., n. sp. of amynodontid (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotoidea) with comments on the phylogenetic history of Eocene Amynodontidae, Journal of Paleontology 60 4, 911-919
Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698
Prothero D. R., Schoch R. M. (1989) Origin and evolution of the Perissodactyla: Summary and Synthesis, The Evolution of Perissodactyls, 530-529
Qi T. (1992) A new species of Gigantamynodon from Yunnan Province, Vertebrata PalAsiatica 30 3, 229-232
Dashzeveg D. (1996) A new hyracodontid (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotoidea) from the Ergilin Dzo Formation (Oligocene, Quarry 1) in Dzamyn Ude, Eastern Gobi Desert, Mongolia, American Museum Novitates 3178, 1-12
Holbrook L. T. (1999) The Pphylogeny and classification of tapiromorph perissodactyls (Mammalia), Cladistics 15 3, 331-350
Wang H., Bai B., et al (2016) Earliest known unequivocal rhinocerotoid sheds new light on the origin of Giant Rhinos and phylogeny of early rhinocerotoids, Scientific Reports 6, 39607:1-9
Aphia2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Systema Naturae 2000 (2006 version) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Aphia (ext.) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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