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Pholidota

Description

Pangolins or scaly anteaters are mammals of the order Pholidota (from the Greek word φολῐ́ς, "horny scale"). The one extant family, Manidae, has three genera: Manis, which comprises four species living in Asia; Phataginus, which comprises two species living in Africa; and Smutsia, which comprises two species also living in Africa. These species range in size from 30 to 100 cm (12 to 39 in). A number of extinct pangolin species are also known.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)796https://www.gbif.org/species/796
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)43658https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43658
Rankorder
Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Pholidota
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SynapsidaOsborn 1903
-Therapsida
infraorderCynodontia
-EpicynodontiaHopson and Kitching 2001
infraorderEucynodontiaKemp 1982
-ProbainognathiaHopson 1990
-MammaliamorphaRowe 1988
-MammaliaformesRowe 1988
classMammaliaLinnaeus 1758
subclassTribosphenida
infraclassEutheria
-PlacentaliaOwen 1837
-LaurasiatheriaWaddell et al. 1999
-ScrotiferaWaddell et al. 1999
-FeraeLinnaeus 1758
-PholidotamorphaGaudin et al. 2009
orderPholidotaWeber 1904
Common Namepangolin
Scientific NamePholidota
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Pholidotasuborderbelongs to Anicanodontastated without evidenceAmeghino, 1906
Pholidotaorderbelongs to Edentatastated without evidenceGregory, 1910
Pholidotaorderbelongs to Mesotheriastated without evidenceJaekel, 1911
Pholidotaorderbelongs to Preptotheriastated without evidenceMcKenna, 1975
Pholidotaorderbelongs to EutheriaimpliedNowak, 1991
Pholidotasuborderbelongs to Cimolestastated without evidenceMcKenna and Bell, 1997
Pholidotaorderbelongs to Zooamatastated without evidenceWaddell et al., 1999
Pholidotaorderbelongs to Feraestated without evidenceWaddell et al., 2001
Pholidotaorderbelongs to Laurasiatheriastated without evidenceMadsen et al., 2001
Pholidotaorderbelongs to Feraestated without evidenceAsher and Helgen, 2010
Pholidotaorderbelongs to Pholidotamorphastated with evidenceKondrashov and Agadjanian, 2012
Status (PBDB)extant
Taxon Size (PBDB)37
Extant Size (PBDB)29 (78%)
First Recorded Appearance48.6 - 37.2 Ma
Eocene
Environmentterrestrial (based on Eutheria)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)
Dietinsectivore
Ecospace Commentslife habit and diet based on Nowak 1999
Taphonomyphosphatic (based on Vertebrata)
Primary Reference (PBDB)M. C. McKenna and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level
Common Name(s) Pangolin, Pangolins, Pholidotes, Scaly Anteaters
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidota

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Eomanidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Escavadodontidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
163.3 Ma
Paleocene
63.3 Ma
Paleocene
Manidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1433.9 Ma
Oligocene
0 Ma
Extant
Patriomanidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
648.6 Ma
Eocene
0 Ma
Extant
Eurotamandua
genus
doubtful (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
0 Ma
Extant
Leptomanis
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Eupholidota
unranked clade
listed (PBDB)2048.6 Ma
Eocene
0 Ma
Extant

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1872Squamata Huxley p. 287
1904Pholidota Weber
1906Pholidota Ameghino p. 91
1910Pholidota Gregory p. 465
1911Pholidota Jaekel p. 226
1975Pholidota McKenna p. 43
1991Pholidota Nowak
YearName and Author
1997Pholidota McKenna and Bell p. 220
1999Pholidota Waddell et al. p. cover
2001Pholidota Madsen et al. p. 610
2001Pholidota Waddell et al. p. 148
2010Pholidota Asher and Helgen p. 3 figs. Figure 1
2012Pholidota Kondrashov and Agadjanian

References

McKenna M. C., Bell S. K. (1997) , Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level, 1-640
Gregory W. K. (1910) The orders of mammals, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 27, 1-524
Jaekel O. (1911) , Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die Fossilen und Lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An Overview of the Fossil and Living Forms], viii-252
McKenna M. C. (1975) Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia, Phylogeny of the Primates, Plenum Publishing, New York, 21-46
Nowak R. M. (1991) Walker's Mammals of the World, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press (edited volume) II
Waddell P. J., Okada N., et al (1999) Towards resolving the interordinal relationships of placental mammals, Systematic Biology 48 1, 1-5
Asher R. J., Helgen K. M. (2010) Nomenclature and placental mammal phylogeny, BMC Evolutionary BIology 10 102, 1-9
Kondrashov P., Agadjanian A. K. (2012) A nearly complete skeleton of Ernanodon (Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32 5, 983-1001
Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 2005: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2. 2142. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 1992: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. xviii + 1207. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole, 2000: null. Common Names of Mammals of the World. xiv + 204. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Simpson, George Gaylord, 1945: The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 85. xvi + 350. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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