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Polycrase-(Y)

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Baveno, Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province, Piedmont, Italy
© Stephan Wolfsried

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Formula:
(Y,U)(Ti,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
System:AmorphousColour:Black
Hardness:5 - 6
Name:From the Greek πολύς, many, and κράσις, mixture.


Metamict (X-ray amorphous) mineral that is mainly found in pegmatites.
U-dominant analogue is uranopolycrase.

May be confused with aeschynite-(Y), which has a similar composition.

Classification of Polycrase-(Y)

IMA status:Approved
Strunz 8th edition ID:4/D.19-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) edition ID:4.DG.05

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
G : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
Dana 8th edition ID:8.3.8.1

8 : MULTIPLE OXIDES CONTAINING NIOBIUM,TANTALUM OR TITANIUM
3 : AB2O6
Hey's CIM Ref.:18.4.8

18 : Niobates and Tantalates
4 : Niobates and tantalates containing both U and rare earths
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Type Occurrence of Polycrase-(Y)

Type Locality:Rasvåg feldspar quarries, Hidra (Hitterø), Flekkefjord, Vest-Agder, Norway

Physical Properties of Polycrase-(Y)

Lustre:Vitreous, Greasy, Sub-Metallic
Colour:Black
Streak:Yellowish, grayish, reddish brown
Hardness (Mohs):5 - 6
Fracture:Conchoidal, Sub-Conchoidal
Density (measured):4.9 - 5.1 g/cm3

Crystallography of Polycrase-(Y)

Crystal System:Amorphous
Morphology:Stout prismatic [001], sometimes flattened {010}. The faces are striated parallel to their intersection with {010}. Often in parallel or subparallel and slightly radial aggregates of crystals. Massive.
Twinning:1. On {201}, common. The twins are flattened {010} and striated [001] 2. Possibly on {101}, rare. 3. Possibly on {013}.
Comment:Metamict.
Crystal Atlas:
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Polycrase-(Y) no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Polycrase-(Y) no.7 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

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Optical Data of Polycrase-(Y)

Type:Isotropic

Chemical Properties of Polycrase-(Y)

Formula:
(Y,U)(Ti,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
Essential elements:O, Ti, Y
All elements listed in formula:Nb, O, Ti, U, Y
Common Impurities:Ca,Ce,U,Th,Ta

Relationship of Polycrase-(Y) to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

- +
4.DG.05Euxenite-(Y)
(Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)
 
2
O
 
6
4.DG.05Fersmite
(Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)
 
2
(O,OH,F)
 
6
4.DG.05Kobeite-(Y)
(Y,Zr)
 
2
(Ti,Fe
3+
 
)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
7
4.DG.05Loranskite-(Y)
(Y,Ce,Ca)ZrTaO
 
6
 (?)
4.DG.05Tanteuxenite-(Y)
(Y,Ce,Ca)(Ta,Nb,Ti)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
4.DG.05Uranopolycrase
(U
4+
 
,Y)(Ti,Nb)
 
2
O
 
6
4.DG.05Yttrocrasite-(Y)
(Y,Th,Ca,U)(Ti,Fe)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
4.DG.10β-Fergusonite-(Y)
YNbO
 
4
4.DG.10β-Fergusonite-(Nd)
(Nd,Ce)NbO
 
4
4.DG.10β-Fergusonite-(Ce)
(Ce,La,Nd)NbO
 
4
4.DG.10Yttrotantalite-(Y)
(Y,Ca,U
4+
 
,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
(Ta,Nb)
 
2
O
 
8
4.DG.10Beta-Fergusonite-(Nd)
4.DG.15Foordite
(Sn,Pb)(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
6
4.DG.15Thoreaulite
SnTa
 
2
O
 
6
4.DG.20Raspite
Pb(WO
 
4
)
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

- +
18.4.1Uranpyrochlore
(U,Ca,Ce)
 
2
(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
6
(OH,F)
18.4.2Yttrocolumbite-(Y)
Y(U
4+
 
,Fe
2+
 
)Nb
 
2
O
 
8
18.4.3Yttrotantalite-(Y)
(Y,Ca,U
4+
 
,Fe
2+
 
)
 
2
(Ta,Nb)
 
2
O
 
8
18.4.4Ishikawaite
U
4+
 
Fe
2+
 
Nb
 
2
O
 
8
18.4.5Euxenite-(Y)
(Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)
 
2
O
 
6
18.4.6Tanteuxenite-(Y)
(Y,Ce,Ca)(Ta,Nb,Ti)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
6
18.4.7Kobeite-(Y)
(Y,Zr)
 
2
(Ti,Fe
3+
 
)
 
2
(O,OH)
 
7
18.4.9Yttropyrochlore (of Hogarth 1977)
18.4.10Calciobetafite (of Mazzi & Munno)
18.4.11Yttrobetafite (of Hogarth 1977)
18.4.12Samarskite-(Y)
(Y,Fe
3+
 
,Fe
2+
 
,U,Th,Ca)
 
2
(Nb,Ta)
 
2
O
 
8

Other Names for Polycrase-(Y)

Synonyms:
PolycrasePolycrasite
Other Languages:
German:Polycrasit
Polykras
Russian:Поликраз-(Y)
Spanish:Polycrasita
Ukrainian:Полікраз

Other Information

Health Warning:No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Polycrase-(Y)

Reference List:

- +
Scheerer (1844), Ann. Phys.: 62: 430.

Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 787-792.

Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte (1999): 1.

Internet Links for Polycrase-(Y)

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  • Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project
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  • Polycrase-(Y) details from Handbook of Mineralogy (PDF)
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    • Localities for Polycrase-(Y)

    The map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    Hide Locality List
    (TL) indicates type locality. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Austria
     
    • Salzburg
      • Hohe Tauern Mts
        • Obersulzbach valley
          • Hopffeld area
    		A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989)
        • Untersulzbach valley
          • Abichl Alp - Beryller area
    		Mineralien-Welt 20 (2), 17-18
    Brazil
     
    • Minas Gerais
    		Polycrase specimen in the British Museum of Natura History #1927,177 [Rock Currier 2010]
    Canada
     
    • Northwest Territories
      • Yellowknife
        • Thor Lake
    		Sheard, E.R. (2010)
    • Ontario
      • Haliburton Co.
        • Cardiff Township
    		No reference listed
    • Québec
      • Abitibi-Témiscamingue
        • Abitibi RCM
          • La Corne
    		Anne P. Sabina, Rocks and Minerals for the Collector Miscellaneous Report 77, 2003, Geological Survey of Canada.
      • Outaouais
        • Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais RCM
          • Val-des-Monts
    		Hilderley, M., Ercit, T.S., Rowe, R.A. (2006) 33rd Rochester Mineralogical Symposium, abstracts, 13-14.
    Czech Republic
     
    • Moravia (Mähren; Maehren)
      • Vysočina Region
        • Třebíč
    		Pauliš P., Kopecký S., Černý P. 2007: Uranové minerály České Republiky a jejich naleziště. 1. část. (Kutna Hora, issue 1)
    Pauliš P., Kopecký S., Černý P. 2007: Uranové minerály České Republiky a jejich naleziště. 1. část. (Kutna Hora, issue 1)]
    Germany
     
    • Rhineland-Palatinate
      • Eifel Mts
        • Laach lake volcanic complex
          • Kruft
    		Blass, G., Emmerich, F., Graf, HW., Schäfer, Ch., Tschörtner, J., (2006): Minerale der Eifelvulkane, Version 1.0, CD, published by authors
          • Mendig
            • Niedermendig
    		Blass, G., Emmerich, F., Graf, HW., Schäfer, Ch., Tschörtner, J., (2006): Minerale der Eifelvulkane, Version 1.0, CD, published by authors
    Blass, G., Emmerich, F., Graf, HW., Schäfer, Ch., Tschörtner, J., (2006): Minerale der Eifelvulkane, Version 1.0, CD, published by authors
              • Wingertsberg Mt.
    		Blass, G., Emmerich, F., Graf, HW., Schäfer, Ch., Tschörtner, J., (2006): Minerale der Eifelvulkane, Version 1.0, CD, published by authors
    • Saxony
      • Oberlausitz
        • Löbau
          • Czorneboh
            • Cunewalde
              • Schönberg
    		Witzke, T., Giesler, T. (2008): Neufunde und Neubestimmungen aus der Lausitz, Der Aufschluss, Vol. 59, 245-252
    Italy
     
    • Lombardy
      • Sondrio Province
        • Novate Mezzola
          • Codera Valley
    		Ghizzoni, S. & Mazzoleni, G. (2005): Itinerari mineralogici in val Codera. Geologia Insubrica, Ed., Milano, 316 pp.
    Ghizzoni, S. & Mazzoleni, G. (2005): Itinerari mineralogici in val Codera. Geologia Insubrica, Ed., Milano, 316 pp.
    Ghizzoni, S. & Mazzoleni, G. (2005): Itinerari mineralogici in val Codera. Geologia Insubrica, Ed., Milano, 316 pp.
    Ghizzoni, S. & Mazzoleni, G. (2005): Itinerari mineralogici in val Codera. Geologia Insubrica, Ed., Milano, 316 pp.
    Ghizzoni, S. & Mazzoleni, G. (2005): Itinerari mineralogici in val Codera. Geologia Insubrica, Ed., Milano, 316 pp.
    • Piedmont
      • Torino Province
        • Luserna San Giovanni
    		- Finello, G., Ambrino, P., Kolitsch, U., Ciriotti, M.E., Blaß, G., Bracco, R. (2007): I minerali della “Pietra di Luserna”, Piemonte, Italia nord-occidentale. I. Alcune cave di gneiss della Val Luserna. Micro (località), 2/2007, 181-226.
      • Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province
        • Baveno
          • Oltrefiume
            • Mount Camoscio
    		Domenico Preite specimen
        • Ossola Valley
          • Vigezzo Valley
            • Toceno
    		Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 23 (1), 42-49.
    • Tuscany
      • Livorno Province
        • Elba Island
          • Campo nell'Elba
    		Orlandi et al., 1990. Nb-Ta oxides from Elba Island pegmatites. Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat., Mem., Serie A, 97: 161-173
    P. Orlandi, M. Pasero, N. Perchiazzi (1990) - Nb-Ta oxides from Elba Island pegmatites. - Atti Soc. Tosc. Sc. Nat., Mem. serie A, v.97: 161-173.
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Tohoku Region
        • Fukushima Prefecture
    		Introduction to Japanese Minerals (Geological Survey of Japan, 1970)
    Mongolia
     
    • Dornogovi Aimag
    		Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data
    Norway
     
    • Aust-Agder
      • Evje og Hornnes
        • Åmland
    		Brøgger, W.C. (1906): Die Mineralien der Südnorwegischen Granitpegmatitgänge, I. Niobate, tantalate, titanate und titanoniobate. Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter. I.Mat-Naturv. Klasse 1906, 6. p. 79
    Brøgger, W.C. (1906): Die Mineralien der Südnorwegischen Granitpegmatitgänge, I. Niobate, tantalate, titanate und titanoniobate. Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter. I.Mat-Naturv. Klasse 1906, 6. p. 79
    Brøgger, W.C. (1906): Die Mineralien der Südnorwegischen Granitpegmatitgänge, I. Niobate, tantalate, titanate und titanoniobate. Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter. I.Mat-Naturv. Klasse 1906, 6. p. 79
        • Landsverk
    		Brøgger, W.C. (1906): Die Mineralien der Südnorwegischen Granitpegmatitgänge, I. Niobate, tantalate, titanate und titanoniobate. Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter. I.Mat-Naturv. Klasse 1906, 6. p. 96; Neumann, H. (1985): Norges Mineraler. Norges geologiske Undersøkelse Skrifter 68, p.79
    Revheim, O. (2006): Landsverk 1, Jokeli-bruddet i Evje. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift. 33: 41-50
      • Iveland
        • Eretveit
    		Bjørlykke, H. (1934): The Mineral Paragenesis and Classification of the Granite Pegmatites of Iveland, Setesdal, Southern Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 14, 211-311
    Brøgger, W.C. (1906): Die Mineralien der Südnorwegischen Granitpegmatitgänge, I. Niobate, tantalate, titanate und titanoniobate. Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter. I.Mat-Naturv. Klasse 1906, p 96
    Revheim, O. (2007): Slobrekka, Iveland. [Del 2]. STEIN 34 (1), 3-5
        • Ljosland
          • Knipan (Knipane)
    		Nordrum, F.S.(2000): Nyfunn av mineraler i Norge 1999-2000. Bergverksmuseets Skrift 17: 59-63
    Breivik, H., Myre, K. & Gunnufsen, K. (2010): Gammelt og nytt, stort og smått fra Storsynken, Knipane, Iveland. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift. 43: 88-93
    Olav Revheim specimen & photo
        • Skripeland
    		Bjørlykke, H. (1934): The Mineral Paragenesis and Classification of the Granite Pegmatites of Iveland, Setesdal, Southern Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 14, 211-311
    • Rogaland
      • Eigersund
        • Kjervall
    		Andresen, P. (1990): Fra Steinrøysa. STEIN 17 (4),36
      • Lund
        • Ualand
          • Ollestad
    		Schetelig, J. (1922): Gadolinit. in Brøgger, W.C, Vogt, Th. & Schetelig, J. (1922): Die Mineralien der südnorwegischen Granitpegmatitgänge. II. Silikate der seltenen Erde. Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter. I.Mat-Naturv. Klasse 1922. 11, 88-123
      • Sokndal
    		Andresen, P. (1990): Fra Steinrøysa. STEIN 17 (4), 36
    Andresen, P. (1990): Fra Steinrøysa. STEIN 17 (4),36
    • Sogn og Fjordane
      • Luster
    		Selbekk, R.S., Spurgin, S. and Lundmark, M. (2006): Beryll-allanitt-(Ce) pegmatittene i Berdalen, Hurrungane. Stein, 33 (1): 28-31
    • Telemark
      • Drangedal
        • Tørdal
    		Kristiansen, R (2009): A unique assamblage of Scandium-bearing minerals from the Heftetjern-pegmatite, Tørdal, south Norway. Bergverksmuseets Skrift (Norsk Bergverkmuseum),41, 75-104
    • Vest-Agder
      • Flekkefjord
        • Hidra (Hitterø)
    		Adamson, O. J. (1942): The granite pegmatites of Hitterö, SW Norway. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 64: 97-116
    Adamson, O. J. (1942): The granite pegmatites of Hitterö, SW Norway. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 64: 97-116
    Scheerer, T. (1844): Polykras und Malakon, zwei neue Mineralspecies, Annalen der Physik und Chemie (Herausgegeben zu Berlin von J. C. Poggendorff), Vol. 138, 429-443 - Brøgger, W.C. (1906): Die Mineralien der Südnorwegischen Granitpegmatitgänge, I. Niobate, tantalate, titanate und titanoniobate. Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter. I.Mat-Naturv. Klasse 1906, 6, p. 96
    Adamson, O. J. (1942): The granite pegmatites of Hitterö, SW Norway. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 64: 97-116
    Adamson, O. J. (1942): The granite pegmatites of Hitterö, SW Norway. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 64: 97-116
    Adamson, O. J. (1942): The granite pegmatites of Hitterö, SW Norway. Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 64: 97-116
    Brøgger, W.C. (1906): Die Mineralien der Südnorwegischen Granitpegmatitgänge, I. Niobate, tantalate, titanate und titanoniobate. Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter. I.Mat-Naturv. Klasse 1906, 6: p 96
    Poland
     
    • Lower Silesia (Dolnośląskie)
      • Dzierżoniów District
        • Piława Górna
    		PIECZKA et al. 2010: Nb-Ta minerals in pegmatites in the DSS mine at Piława Górna, Góry Sowie Block, southwestern Poland. Mineralogia - Special Papers, 37.
    Russia
     
    • Eastern-Siberian Region
      • Transbaikalia (Zabaykalye)
        • Chitinskaya Oblast'
          • Krasnyi Chikoy
            • Malkhan pegmatite field (Malchan)
    		Badanina, E.V., Gordienko, V.V., Wiechowski, A., and Friedrich, G. (2008): Geology of ore Deposits 50(8), 772-781.
    Slovakia
     
    • Košice Region
      • Rožňava Co.
    		Uher P., Malachovský P., Bačík P., Chudík P. & Števko M. (2009): Polykras-(Y), uranopolykras a Ti-Nb-Ta-Fe minerál v kremenných žilách a exokontaktných zónach granitov gemerika, Slovenské rudohorie. Bull. mineral-petrolog. Odd. Nár. Muz. (Praha), 17, 1, 14-24.
    Uher P., Malachovský P., Bačík P., Chudík P. & Števko M. (2009): Polykras-(Y), uranopolykras a Ti-Nb-Ta-Fe minerál v kremenných žilách a exokontaktných zónach granitov gemerika, Slovenské rudohorie. Bull. mineral-petrolog. Odd. Nár. Muz. (Praha), 17, 1, 14-24.
    South Africa
     
    • Northern Cape Province
      • Namaqualand
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Minerals of South Africa
          • Steyns Put
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Minerals of South Africa
    Minerals of South Africa
    South Korea
     
    • Chungcheongbukdo (Chungchong-pukto)
      • Chungju (Chung Won Kum; Chung-ju)
        • Joongwon-gun
          • Mt. Eorae
    		P.M. Kartashov data
      • Goesan-gun (Koesan-gun)
    		Gi Young Jeong (2006): Mineralium Deposita 41, 469-481.
    Spain
     
    • Galicia
      • Pontevedra
        • Ponteareas
    		Calvo, M., Viñals, J. and Vila, F. (2009) Mineralogy of the pegmatites and miarolitic cavities in the granitic batholit of Porriño, Pontevedra, galicia, Spain. Mineral Up, (2009-1), 6-23
    Sweden
     
    • Lappland
      • Jokkmokk
    • Norrbotten
      • Pajala
    • Småland
      • Vetlanda
        • Alseda
          • Slättåkra
    		Blomstrand 1878
    • Uppland
      • Vaxholm
        • Resarö
    		No reference listed
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • Maricopa Co.
        • Buckeye Hills District
    		Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of Arizona: 41, 112.
      • Mohave Co.
        • Aquarius Mts (Aquarius Range; Peacock Range)
    		Hanson, S.L., Simmons, W.B., Falster, A.U. (2006) 33rd Rochester Mineralogical Symposium, abstracts, 18-19.
    Parker, R. L., 1963, Niobium and Tantalum in the US, USGS Mineral Investigations map MR – 3.
        • Lost Basin Mts (Lost Basin Range)
          • Lost Basin District
            • Garnet Mountain
    		Theodore, T.G., et al (1987), USGS PP 1361: 98; Reyner (1954), US Atomic Energy Comm. Rept. RME-158, Recon. for Uranium in Mohave Co., AZ: 43.
    Parker, R. L., 1963, Niobium and Tantalum in the US, USGS Mineral Investigations map MR – 3.
      • Yavapai Co.
    		MRDS database Dep. ID #10064167, MRDS ID #TC38436.
    • California
      • Los Angeles Co.
        • Pearblossom
    		Hewett, Donnel Foster, Stone, J., and Stieff, L.R. (1969) The ages of three uranium minerals, Mojave Desert, California. USGS Prof. Paper 650-B: 86; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 180.
    • Colorado
      • Chaffee Co.
        • Buena Vista
    		Rocks & Min.: 64: 471.
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.
      • Gunnison Co.
        • Tomichi District
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Saguache Co.
        • Crestone District
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
        • Hayden Pass Area
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckels
    • Idaho
      • Boise Co.
    		R&M 70:4 pp 242-263
        • Boise Basin District
    		Ream, Lanny R. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated
    Ream, Lanny R. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated
        • Idaho City District
    		Ream, Lanny R. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated
    Ream, Lanny R. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated
        • Redfish Lake Area
          • Unorganized District
            • Sawtooth Primitive Area
    		Ream, Lanny R. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated
    • Maine
      • Sagadahoc Co.
        • Topsham
    		Rocks & Min. Vol.71,No.3, p.195
    • New York
      • Saratoga Co.
    		Jensen (1978) Minerals of New York State, p.165; Am Min (1947) 32:585-587
        • Overlook
    		Jensen (1978) Minerals of New York State; Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483
    • North Carolina
    		Jay Ellis Ransom,1974,Gems and Minerals Of America,pg#458
        • Tuxedo
    		Wilson,W.F.,and McKenzie,B.J. ,1978,Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina, Information Circular 24
        • Zirconia (Tuxedo Station)
    		Wilson,W.F, and McKenzie,B.J,1978, Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina
    U.S Bureau of Mines/Spatial Data from the Minerals System/Mineral Industry Location System(Mas/Mils)CD-Rom,Sep,1995
    • South Carolina
    		Gems and Minerals of America-Jay Ellis Ransom-1974
    • Texas
      • Burnet Co.
    		Self-Collected by Franklin Roberts
      • Llano Co.
        • Bluffton
    		Am Min (1932) Volume 17, pages 381-390,
    • Washington
      • Grant Co.
        • Grand Coulee Dam area
    		Cannon, B. (1975): Minerals of Washington, p.62,88
    • Wisconsin
      • Marathon Co.
        • Wausau pluton
          • "Rotten granite" quarries
    		www.uwrf.edu/~wc01
      • Wood Co.
        • Cary Mound quarries
    		Buchholz, T.W., Falster, A.U., Simmons, W.B. (2006) 33rd Rochester Mineralogical Symposium, abstracts, 18-19.
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