As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference
Hhl	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Hhl	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019)	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of HydrohaliteHide

Transparency:

Transparent

Colour:

Colorless to white

Density:

1.65 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of HydrohaliteHide

Type:

Biaxial

Anisotropism:

moderately strong

Optical Extinction:

Extinction 35° from a prism face; length-slow.

Chemistry of HydrohaliteHide

Mindat Formula:

NaCl · 2H₂O

Elements listed:

Cl, H, Na, O - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of HydrohaliteHide

Crystal System:

Monoclinic

Class (H-M):

2/m - Prismatic

Space Group:

P2₁/b

Setting:

P2₁/c

Cell Parameters:

a = 6.3313(3) Å, b = 10.1178(9) Å, c = 6.5029(6) Å
β = 114.407(7)°

Ratio:

a:b:c = 0.626 : 1 : 0.643

Unit Cell V:

379.34 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Comment:

Space group probable - synthetic

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0009517	Hydrohalite	Klewe B, Pedersen B (1974) The crystal structure of sodium chloride dihydrate Acta Crystallographica B30 2363-2371		1974	synthetic	0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Hydrohalite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Klewe B'
'Pedersen B'
_journal_name_full 'Acta Crystallographica, Section B'
_journal_volume 30 
_journal_year 1974
_journal_page_first 2363
_journal_page_last 2371
_publ_section_title
;
 The crystal structure of sodium chloride dihydrate
;
_database_code_amcsd 0009517
_chemical_compound_source 'Synthetic'
_chemical_formula_sum 'Na Cl O2 H4'
_cell_length_a 6.3313
_cell_length_b 10.1178
_cell_length_c 6.5029
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 114.407
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 379.341
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      1.654
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'P 1 21/c 1'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  'x,1/2-y,1/2+z'
  '-x,1/2+y,1/2-z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_U_iso_or_equiv
Na   0.02374   0.17002   0.45503 ?
Cl   0.29210   0.12190   0.21354 ?
O1   0.78600   0.32053   0.17284 ?
O2   0.22780   0.49146   0.23202 ?
H11   0.78400   0.39300   0.22000   0.01646
H21   0.65100   0.29600   0.07500   0.03166
H12   0.36100   0.52000   0.25100   0.02406
H22   0.26200   0.46400   0.36100   0.04559
loop_
_atom_site_aniso_label
_atom_site_aniso_U_11
_atom_site_aniso_U_22
_atom_site_aniso_U_33
_atom_site_aniso_U_12
_atom_site_aniso_U_13
_atom_site_aniso_U_23
Na 0.01445 0.01146 0.01229 -0.00086 0.00005 0.02170
Cl 0.01334 0.01322 0.01192 0.00686 0.00106 0.02122
O1 0.01399 0.01343 0.01622 0.00195 0.00057 0.01852
O2 0.01372 0.01577 0.01222 -0.00328 0.00190 0.01551

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
2.98 Å	(100)
2.67 Å	(100)
2.52 Å	(100)
3.82 Å	(90)
2.24 Å	(90)
3.87 Å	(80)
2.88 Å	(60)

Comments:

Synthetic.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere	>4.45
18 : Minerals formed by freezing

Geological Setting:

Fluid inclusions

Type Occurrence of HydrohaliteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Hallein - Bad Dürrnberg salt mine, Hallein, Hallein District, Salzburg, Austria

Place of Conservation of Type Material:

No designated type material.

Synonyms of HydrohaliteHide

Bihydrate

Natriumchloridhydrat

Other Language Names for HydrohaliteHide

German:Hydrohalit

Russian:Гидрогалит

Simplified Chinese:水石盐

Spanish:Hydrohalita

Traditional Chinese:水石鹽

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

3.BA.10	Carnallite	KMgCl₃ · 6H₂O	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnna
3.BA.15	Novograblenovite	(NH₄)MgCl₃ · 6H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
3.BA.20	Cryobostryxite	KZnCl₃ · 2H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b

Other InformationHide

Thermal Behaviour:

Melts under its own vapor pressure at –0.1 °C, converting to halite.

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for HydrohaliteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-1975.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

Search Engines:

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Look for Hydrohalite images on Google

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Look for Hydrohalite on DuckDuckGo

Look for Hydrohalite images on DuckDuckGo

Look for Hydrohalite in the Rock H. Currier Digital Library

External Links:

Look for Hydrohalite on Webmineral

Look for Hydrohalite on Wikipedia

Look for Hydrohalite on Mineralien Atlas

Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

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References for HydrohaliteHide

Reference List:

Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde: II: 12-13.

Hausmann, J.F.L. (1847) Zehnte Klasse. Chloride. 2. Hydrohalit. Handbuch der Mineralogie, 2, 1458-1459.

Quenstedt, F.A. (1877) Handbuch der Mineralogie. 623.

Poljenow, B. (1909) Über die Bildung von Chlornatrium- hydrat in der Kempen djaiskschen Salzquelle im Jakutskschen Gebiete.

Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Craig, J.R., Fortner, R.D., Weand, B.L. (1974) Halite and Hydrohalite from Lake Bonney, Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Geology: 2(8): 389–390.

Klewe, B., Pedersen, B. (1974) The crystal structure of sodium chloride dihydrate. Acta Crystallographica, B30, 2363-2371.

Ward, M.K., Pollard, W.H. (2018) A hydrohalite spring deposit in the Canadian high Arctic: A potential Mars analogue. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 504, 126-138.

Drebushchak, V.A., Drebushchak, T.N., Ogienko, A.G., Yunoshev, A.S. (2019) Crystallization of sodium chloride dihydrate (hydrohalite). Journal of Crystal Growth, 517, 17-23.

Aquioano, D., Bruno, M., Pastero, L., Ghignone, S. (2021): Growth and Equilibrium Morphology of Hydrohalite (NaCl·2H2O) and Its Epitaxy with Hexagonal Ice Crystals. Journal of Physical Chemistry C: 125: 6923−6932.

forum.amiminerals.it (n.d.) https://forum.amiminerals.it/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=16994&sid=766f3b4945e459d945800a7505d4cbf8

(2023) Hydrohalite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Localities for HydrohaliteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Antarctica
Eastern Antarctica Victoria Land McMurdo Dry Valleys Taylor Valley ⓘ Lake Bonney	Craig et al. (1974)
Wright Valley ⓘ Don Juan Pond	Marion (1997)

Austria (TL)
Salzburg Hallein District Hallein ⓘ Hallein - Bad Dürrnberg salt mine (TL)	Hausmann (1847) +3 other references

Canada
Nunavut Qikiqtaaluk Region Axel Heiberg Island ⓘ Stolz Diapir Spring	Ward et al. (2018)
Saskatchewan ⓘ Waldsea Lake	Greengrass et al. (1999)

Chile
Antofagasta ⓘ Lastarria Volcanic Complex	Aguilera et al. (2016)

China
ⓘ Inner Mongolia	Kezao Chen (1992)
Qinghai Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Golmud City (Ge'ermu Co.) Qarhan salt lake (Chaerhan salt lake) ⓘ Dabsan salt lake (Dabuxun salt lake)	Shaoxiu Yang (1991)
Mangnai City (Mangya Co.) Lenghu Co. ⓘ Kunteyi salt lake	Mianping Zheng and Xifang Liu (2010)
Tibet Nagchu Prefecture (Naqu Prefecture) Nyima Co. (Nima Co.) ⓘ Khangro Caka (Kangru Chaka)	Shaoxiu Yang (1991)
ⓘ Margai Caka (Ma'ergai Chaka)	Shaoxiu Yang (1991)
ⓘ Margog Caka (Ma'erguo Chaka)	Shaoxiu Yang (1991)
Shuanghu Co. ⓘ Kongkong Caka (Kongkong Chaka)	Shaoxiu Yang (1991)
ⓘ Xiao Caka (Xiao Chaka; Nitrate lake)	Shaoxiu Yang (1991)
Ngari Gê'gyai Co. (Geji Co.) ⓘ Chagcam Caka (Zhacang Chaka)	Shaoxiu Yang (1991)
ⓘ Xinjiang	Kezao Chen (1992)

Germany
Baden-Württemberg Freiburg Region Ortenaukreis Oberwolfach ⓘ Clara Mine	Pfaff et al. (2009)

India
Jharkhand East Singhbhum District Jadugora ⓘ Turamdih Mine	Pal et al. (2015)

Mexico
Hidalgo Zimapán Municipality Zimapán ⓘ Las Animas mine	González-Partida et al. (2003)

Norway
Agder Farsund ⓘ Farsund Plutonic Complex	Konnerup-Madsen (1979) +1 other reference
Buskerud Øvre Eiker Gunhildrud ⓘ Bakstevalåsen	Jahren et al. (1998)

Romania
Harghita County Ditrău Complex ⓘ Jolotca (Orotva)	Heléna Walter et al. (2018)

Hydrohalite

Unique IdentifiersHide

IMA Classification of HydrohaliteHide

Classification of HydrohaliteHide

Mineral SymbolsHide