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Purgatorius

Description

Purgatorius is a genus of four extinct eutherian species typically believed to be the earliest example of a primate or a proto-primate, a primatomorph precursor to the Plesiadapiformes, dating to as old as 66 million years ago. The first remains (P. unio and P. ceratops) were reported in 1965, from what is now eastern Montana's Tullock Formation (early Paleocene, Puercan), specifically at Purgatory Hill (hence the animal's name) in deposits believed to be about 63 million years old, and at Harbicht Hill in the late Cretaceous and lower Paleocene Hell Creek Formation. Both locations are in McCone County.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)4827521https://www.gbif.org/species/4827521
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)40704https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=40704
Rankgenus
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Purgatoriidae : Purgatorius
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Purgatorius
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SynapsidaOsborn 1903
-Therapsida
infraorderCynodontia
-EpicynodontiaHopson and Kitching 2001
infraorderEucynodontiaKemp 1982
-ProbainognathiaHopson 1990
-MammaliamorphaRowe 1988
-MammaliaformesRowe 1988
classMammaliaLinnaeus 1758
orderPrimatesLinnaeus 1758
genusPurgatoriusVan Valen & Sloan 1965
Scientific NamePurgatorius Van Valen & Sloan, 1965
Name Published InScience, N. Y. 150
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Purgatoriusgenusbelongs to Purgatoriinaestated with evidenceVan Valen and Sloan, 1965
Purgatoriusgenusbelongs to Paromomyidaestated without evidenceClemens, 1974
Purgatoriusgenusbelongs to Plesiadapiformesstated without evidenceKielan-Jaworowska et al., 1979
Purgatoriusgenusbelongs to Purgatoriidaestated with evidenceGunnell, 1989
Purgatoriusgenusbelongs to PurgatoriidaeimpliedMcKenna and Bell, 1997
Purgatoriusgenusbelongs to Eutheriastated without evidenceWible et al., 2007
Purgatoriusgenusbelongs to Primatesstated with evidenceBloch et al., 2007
Purgatoriusgenusbelongs to Purgatoriidaestated without evidenceFox and Scott, 2011
Status (PBDB)extinct
Taxon Size (PBDB)6
First Recorded Appearance66.0 - 63.3 Ma
Paleocene
Last Recorded Appearance61.7 - 56.8 Ma
Paleocene
Environmentterrestrial (based on Mammalia)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)
Dietomnivore (based on Primates)
Taphonomyphosphatic (based on Vertebrata)
Primary Reference (PBDB)L. M. Van Valen and R. E. Sloan. 1965. The earliest primates. Science 150(3697):743-745
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatorius

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Purgatorius coracis
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
266.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
66.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Purgatorius janisae
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
166.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
66.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Purgatorius pinecreeensis
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
166.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
66.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Purgatorius titusi
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
166.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
66.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Purgatorius unio
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
166.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
66.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous

Obsolete Names

NameSourceTaxon RankTaxonomy
Purgatorius ceratops Van Valen & Sloan, 1965GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Primates : Purgatoriidae : Purgatorius : Purgatorius ceratops

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1965Purgatorius Van Valen and Sloan p. 743
1965Purgatorius ceratops Van Valen and Sloan p. 744
1974Purgatorius Clemens p. 903
1974Purgatorius ceratops Clemens p. 903
1979Purgatorius Kielan-Jaworowska et al. p. 223
1979Purgatorius ceratops Kielan-Jaworowska et al. p. 223
1989Purgatorius Gunnell p. 11
YearName and Author
1994Purgatorius ceratops Van Valen
1997Purgatorius McKenna and Bell
2007Purgatorius Bloch et al. p. 1162
2007Purgatorius Wible et al.
2010Purgatorius Silcox et al.
2011Purgatorius Fox and Scott

References

Van Valen L. M., Sloan R. E. (1965) The earliest primates, Science 150 3697, 743-745
Clemens W. A. (1974) Purgatorius, an Early Paromomyid Primate (Mammalia), Science 184 4139, 903-905
Kielan-Jaworowska Z., Bown T. M., et al (1979) Eutheria, Mesozoic mammals: the first two-thirds of mammalian history, 221-258
Gunnell G. F. (1989) Evolutionary History of Microsyopoidea (Mammalia, ?Primates) and the Relationship Between Plesiadapiformes and Primates, University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 27, 1-157
Van Valen L. M. (1994) The origin of the plesiadapid primates and the nature of Purgatorius, Evolutionary Monographs 15, 1-79
McKenna M. C., Bell S. K. (1997) , Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level, 1-640
Bloch J. I., Silcox M. T., et al (2007) New Paleocene skeletons and the relationship of plesiadapiformes to crown-clade primates, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 104 4, 1159-1164
Wible J. R., Rougier G. W., et al (2007) Cretaceous eutherians and Laurasian origin for placental mammals near the K/T boundary, Nature 447, 1003-1006
Silcox M. T., Bloch J. I., et al (2010) Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160, 773-825
Fox R. C., Scott C. S. (2011) A new, early Puercan (earliest Paleocene) species of Purgatorius (Plesiadapiformes, Primates) from Saskatchewan, Canada, Journal of Paleontology 85 3, 537-548
Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Science, N. Y. 150 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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