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Balaenopteridae

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Description

Rorquals (Balaenopteridae) are the largest group of baleen whales, a family with nine extant species in two genera. They include what is believed to be the largest animal that has ever lived, the blue whale, which can reach 180 tonnes (200 short tons), and the fin whale, which reaches 120 tonnes (130 short tons); even the smallest of the group, the northern minke whale, reaches 9 tonnes (9.9 short tons).

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaenopteridae, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	5313	https://www.gbif.org/species/5313
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	42977	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42977

Rank

family

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
order	Cetacea	Brisson 1762
-	Pelagiceti	Uhen 2008
-	Neoceti	Fordyce and de Muizon 2001
suborder	Mysticeti	Cope 1891
-	Chaeomysticeti
superfamily	Thalassotherii	Bisconti et al. 2013
family	Balaenopteridae	Gray 1864

Common Name

rorqual

Scientific Name

Balaenopteridae

Name Published In

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. vol.1864 p.203

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mysticete	stated without evidence	Gray, 1864
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Balaenoidea	stated without evidence	Flower, 1865
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mysticete	stated without evidence	Gray, 1866
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mystacoceti	stated without evidence	Flower, 1867
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Balaenopteroidea	stated without evidence	Gray, 1868
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mysticete	stated without evidence	Gill, 1871
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Balaenoidorum	stated without evidence	Brandt, 1874
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mystacoceti	stated without evidence	Flores, 1895
Balaenopteridae	family	subjective synonym of Balaenidae	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mystacoceti	stated without evidence	Weber, 1904
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mysticeti	stated without evidence	Miller, 1923
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mystacoceti	stated without evidence	Zittel, 1925
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mysticeti	stated without evidence	Kellogg, 1928
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Balaenoidae	stated without evidence	Hay, 1930
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mystacoceti	stated without evidence	Van Deinse, 1931
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mysticeti	stated without evidence	Simpson, 1945
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mysticeti	implied	Carroll, 1988
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Balaenopteroidea	stated without evidence	Mitchell, 1989
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Cetacea	implied	Nowak, 1991
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mysticeti	stated without evidence	Vidal, 1991
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mysticeti	implied	McKenna and Bell, 1997
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Chaeomysticeti	stated without evidence	Rice, 1998
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mysticeti	stated without evidence	Bergqvist et al., 1999
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Balaenopteroidea	stated without evidence	Sanders and Barnes, 2002
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mysticeti	stated without evidence	Rice, 2002
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Balaenopteroidea	stated without evidence	Geisler and Sanders, 2003
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mysticeti	stated without evidence	Fordyce, 2003
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Balaenopteroidea	stated without evidence	Gingerich, 2005
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mysticeti	stated without evidence	Mead and Brownell, 2005
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Balaenopteroidea	stated without evidence	Bianucci and Landini, 2007
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mysticeti	stated without evidence	Bisconti, 2007
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Balaenopteroidea	stated without evidence	Rice, 2009
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mysticeti	stated without evidence	Fordyce and Roberts, 2009
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Balaenopteroidea	stated without evidence	Steeman, 2010
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mysticeti	stated without evidence	Bosselaers and Post, 2010
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Balaenopteroidea	stated without evidence	Ekdale et al., 2011
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Thalassotherii	stated without evidence	Bisconti et al., 2013
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Balaenopteroidea	stated with evidence	Bisconti, 2014
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Chaeomysticeti	stated without evidence	Boessenecker and Fordyce, 2015
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Balaenopteroidea	stated with evidence	Bisconti and Bosselaers, 2016
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Balaenopteroidea	stated without evidence	Berta, 2017
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Mysticeti	stated without evidence	Tanaka and Watanabe, 2019
Balaenopteridae	family	belongs to Thalassotherii	stated with evidence	Bisconti et al., 2019

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

18 (28%)

First Recorded Appearance

28.4 - 16.0 Ma
Cenozoic

Environment

marine (based on Mysticeti)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Cetacea)

Diet

suspension feeder

Reproduction

viviparous (based on Cetacea)

Ontogeny

modification of parts (based on Cetacea)

Taphonomy

hydroxylapatite (based on Mysticeti)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. E. Gray. 1864. Notes on the Whalebone-Whales; with a Synopsis of the Species. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 14:345-353

Common Name(s)

Rorqual, Fenvalar, Rorquals, Finnhvalfamilien, Finnkvalfamilien, Vinvissen, ナガスクジラ, Finner Whales

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaenopteridae

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Agaphelinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Balaenopterinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)		1	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Eschrichtiinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)	Gray Whale			0 Ma Extant
Megapterinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Parabalaenopterinae subfamily	listed (PBDB)
Praemegapterinae ✝ subfamily	listed (PBDB)
Archaebalaenoptera ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	5.33 Ma Miocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Balaenoptera genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Rorqual	132	16.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Cetotheriophanes ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	13.8 Ma Miocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene
Diunatans ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Eobalaenoptera ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	16.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Fragilicetus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	5.33 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Idiocetus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	11.6 Ma Miocene	3.20 Ma Pliocene
Incakujira ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Megaptera genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Humpback Whale	40	7.25 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Miobalaenoptera ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	7.25 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Nehalaennia ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		1	11.6 Ma Miocene	11.6 Ma Miocene
Notiocetus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	1.81 Ma Pleistocene
Parabalaenoptera ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	7.25 Ma Miocene	7.25 Ma Miocene
Plesiobalaenoptera ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	23.0 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Plesiocetus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		32	23.0 Ma Miocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Praemegaptera ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	13.8 Ma Miocene	13.8 Ma Miocene
Protororqualus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	16.0 Ma Miocene	3.60 Ma Pliocene

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Palaeocetidae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Palaeocetidae
Balaena emarginata (Owen, 1843)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Balaena emarginata*
Plesiocetus garopii (Van Beneden, 1859)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Plesiocetus garopii*
Agaphelidae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Agaphelidae
Megaptera hubachi (Dathe, 1983)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Megaptera hubachi*
Physalinidae	GBIF	family	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Physalinidae
Balaenoptera hubachi (Dathe, 1983)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Balaenoptera hubachi*
Balaenoptera borealina Van Beneden, 1880	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Balaenoptera borealina*
Hadrosaurus tripos (Cope, 1869)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Hadrosaurus tripos*
Megaptera affinis Van Beneden, 1880	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Megaptera affinis*
Balaenoptera cortesii portisii (Sacco, 1890)	GBIF	subspecies	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Balaenoptera cortesii portisii*
Balaenoptera rostratella (Van Beneden, 1880)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Balaenoptera rostratella*
Balaenoptera musculoides Van Beneden, 1880	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Balaenoptera musculoides*
Megapteropsis robusta (Van Beneden, 1872)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Megapteropsis robusta*
Balaenoptera sibbaldina (Van Beneden, 1880)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Balaenoptera sibbaldina*
Trachodon tripos (Cope, 1869)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Trachodon tripos*
Balaena definata (Owen, 1843)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Balaena definata*
Balaenoptera portisii (Sacco, 1890)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Balaenoptera portisii*
Balaenoptera definata (Owen, 1843)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Balaenoptera definata*
Balaenoptera emarginata rostratella (Van Beneden, 1880)	GBIF	subspecies	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Balaenoptera emarginata rostratella*
Balaenoptera definita (Owen, 1843)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Balaenoptera definita*
Megaptera robusta (Van Beneden, 1872)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Megaptera robusta*
Plesiocetus goropii (Van Beneden, 1859)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Plesiocetus goropii*
Balaenoptera goropi (Van Beneden, 1859)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Balaenoptera goropi*
Balaenoptera garopii (Van Beneden, 1859)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Balaenoptera garopii*
Balaenoptera definata sibbaldina (Van Beneden, 1880)	GBIF	subspecies	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Balaenoptera definata sibbaldina*
Balaenoptera emarginata (Owen, 1843)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Balaenoptera emarginata*
Balaenodon emarginatus (Owen, 1843)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Cetacea : Balaenopteridae : *Balaenodon emarginatus*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1843	Balaena gibbosa Owen p. 283
1843	Balaena affinis Owen p. 285 figs. unnumbered text figure
1843	Balaena definata Owen p. 285
1843	Balaena emarginata Owen p. 286
1844	Balaena definata Owen
1859	Plesiocetus garopii Van Beneden
1864	Balaenopteridae Gray
1865	Balaenopteridae Flower p. 391
1865	Palaeocetidae Seeley p. 57
1866	Balaenopteridae Gray p. 61
1867	Balaenopteridae Flower p. 115
1868	Balaenopteridae Gray p. 3
1869	Hadrosaurus tripos Cope p. 192
1870	Hadrosaurus tripos Cope
1870	Hadrosaurus tripos Leidy p. 68
1871	Hadrosaurus tripos Cope pp. 50-51
1871	Balaenopteridae Gill p. 124
1872	Balaenopteridae Gill p. 97
1872	Megapteropsis robusta Van Beneden p. 15
1872	Plesiocetus garopii Van Beneden p. 415
1873	Delphinus brachyspondylus Brandt p. 258
1873	Balaenopteridae Gill p. 27
1874	Balaenopteridae Brandt p. I
1874	Balaenodon emarginatus Brandt p. 11
1874	Macrochirifer vindobonensis Brandt p. 27
1874	Megapteropsis robusta Vanden Broeck p. 198
1875	Hadrosaurus tripos Cope p. 40
1878	Hadrosaurus tripos Cope p. 129
1880	Balaenoptera rostratella Van Beneden
1880	Balaenoptera sibbaldina Van Beneden p. 14
1880	Balaenoptera borealina Van Beneden pp. 15-16
1880	Balaenoptera musculoides Van Beneden p. 15
1880	Balaenoptera rostratella Van Beneden p. 16
1880	Megaptera affinis Van Beneden p. 3913
1882	Megaptera affinis Van Beneden p. 39 figs. Plates 40 & 48
1882	Balaenoptera sibbaldina Van Beneden p. 63
1882	Balaenoptera musculoides Van Beneden p. 65
1882	Balaenoptera borealina Van Beneden p. 71
1887	Balaenoptera definita Lydekker p. 11 figs. Plate 2, Fig. 3a
1887	Balaenoptera rostratella Lydekker p. 12
1887	Balaena affinis Lydekker p. 16
1887	Balaenoptera definata Lydekker p. 34
1887	Balaenoptera goropi Lydekker p. 36
1887	Balaenoptera borealina Lydekker p. 39
1887	Balaenoptera emarginata Lydekker p. 40
1890	Balaenoptera cortesii portisii Sacco p. 8
1891	Balaena affinis Newton p. 58
1891	Megaptera affinis Newton p. 60
1891	Balaenoptera definita Newton p. 61
1891	Balaenoptera (Plesiocetus) goropi Newton p. 62
1891	Balaenoptera borealina Newton p. 62
1891	Balaenoptera emarginata Newton p. 62
1894	Macrochirifer brachyspondylus Zittel p. 173
1895	Balaenopteridae Flores p. 13
1895	Plesiocetus goropii Flores p. 13
1895	Balaenoptera musculoides Flores p. 14
1898	Macrochirifer vindobonensis Trouessart p. 1021
1898	Plesiocetus garopii Trouessart p. 1073
1898	Balaenoptera emarginata Trouessart p. 1077
1898	Balaenoptera musculoides Trouessart p. 1080
1898	Balaenoptera definita Trouessart p. 1082
1898	Megaptera affinis Trouessart p. 1084
1898	Megaptera robusta Trouessart p. 1084
1898	Balaena affinis Trouessart p. 1092
1900	Hadrosaurus tripos Nopcsa p. 557
1901	Megapteropsis robusta Abel p. 42
1902	Trachodon tripos Hay p. 504
1902	Balaena affinis Hay p. 601
1904	Balaena affinis Case p. 55
1904	Macrochirifer vindobonensis Trouessart p. 760
1904	Balaenoptera emarginata Trouessart p. 782
1904	Balaenoptera emarginata rostratella Trouessart p. 782
1904	Balaenoptera goropii Trouessart p. 782
1904	Balaenoptera definata Trouessart p. 784
1904	Balaenoptera definata sibbaldina Trouessart p. 784
1904	Balaenoptera musculoides Trouessart p. 784
1904	Megaptera affinis Trouessart p. 785
1904	Balaena affinis Trouessart p. 787
1904	Balaenopteridae Weber p. 575
1911	Balaenopteridae Jaekel p. 232
1912	Balaenopteridae Turner p. 31
1914	Balaenopteridae Abel p. 221

Year	Name and Author
1919	Balaenopteridae Abel p. 753
1923	Balaenopteridae Miller p. 40
1925	Balaenopteridae Zittel p. 87
1927	Trachodon tripos Huene p. 264
1928	Balaenopteridae Kellogg p. 35 figs. Table 1
1928	Balaenopteridae Weber p. 389
1929	Balaenopteridae Dal Piaz p. 86
1930	Balaenopteridae Hay p. 573
1930	Balaena affinis Hay p. 578
1931	Plesiocetus garopii Kellogg p. 312
1931	Balaenopteridae Van Deinse p. 33
1934	Balaenopteridae Riabinin p. 4
1935	Balaenoptera musculoides Van Deinse p. 298
1937	Mesocetus brachyspondylus Pia p. 396
1945	Balaenopteridae Simpson p. 105
1950	Trachodon tripos Richards p. 7
1951	Balaenopteridae Ellerman and Morrisson-Scott p. 714
1960	Balaenopteridae Fraser and Purves p. 112 figs. Figure 26
1963	Balaenopteridae Scheffer and Rice p. 9
1964	Hadrosaurus tripos Kuhn p. 20
1966	Balaenoptera taiwanica Huang
1979	Balaenopteridae Baird and Horner p. 19
1984	Balaenopteridae Whitmore p. 230
1985	Balaenopteridae Barnes et al. p. 26
1986	Balaenopteridae Deméré p. 280
1986	Balaenoptera borealina Deméré p. 290
1986	Balaenoptera garopii Deméré p. 290
1986	Balaenoptera rostratella Deméré p. 290
1988	Balaenopteridae Carroll
1989	Balaenopteridae Mitchell p. 2232
1991	Balaenopteridae Nowak
1991	Balaenopteridae Vidal p. 6
1993	Balaenopteridae Benton p. 762
1993	Balaena affinis McLeod et al. p. 55
1994	Balaenopteridae Fordyce and Barnes p. 428 figs. Table 1
1995	Balaenopteridae Fordyce et al. p. 379
1997	Balaenopteridae McKenna and Bell p. 377
1998	Balaenopteridae Rice
1999	Balaenopteridae Bergqvist et al. p. 31
1999	Balaenopteridae Clapham and Mead p. 1
2001	Balaenopteridae Fordyce and de Muizon p. 176
2002	Balaenopteridae Rice p. 231 figs. Table 1
2002	Balaenopteridae Sanders and Barnes p. 353
2003	Balaenopteridae Fordyce p. 156 figs. Figure 9.1
2003	Balaenopteridae Geisler and Sanders p. 27
2005	Balaenoptera borealina Deméré et al. p. 105 figs. Table II
2005	Balaenoptera rostratella Deméré et al. p. 105 figs. Table II
2005	Balaenoptera sibbaldina Deméré et al. p. 105 figs. Table II
2005	Megapteropsis robusta Deméré et al. p. 105 figs. Table II
2005	Plesiocetus garopii Deméré et al. p. 105 figs. Table II
2005	Balaenopteridae Gingerich p. 237 figs. Table 15.1
2005	Balaenopteridae Mead and Brownell p. 724
2006	Balaenopteridae Bouetel and Muizon p. 386
2007	Balaenopteridae Bianucci and Landini p. 45 figs. Table 2.1
2007	Balaenopteridae Bisconti p. 89
2007	Balaenopteridae Steeman p. 880
2008	Balaenopteridae Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 981 figs. FIg. 4.3
2008	Balaenoptera borealina Uhen et al. p. 619
2008	Balaenopteridae Uhen et al. p. 619
2008	Plesiocetus garopii Uhen et al. p. 620
2008	Balaenopteridae Whitmore and Kaltenbach p. 243
2008	Balaenoptera borealina Whitmore and Kaltenbach p. 244
2009	Balaenopteridae Fordyce and Roberts p. 553
2009	Balaenopteridae Rice p. 235 figs. Table 1
2010	Balaenopteridae Bosselaers and Post p. 335
2010	Balaenopteridae Canto et al. p. 21
2010	Balaenoptera definata Gutierrez et al. p. 37
2010	Balaenopteridae Steeman p. 69
2010	Plesiocetus garopii Steeman p. 69
2011	Balaenopteridae Ekdale et al. p. 39
2011	Balaenopteridae Geisler et al. pp. 6, 28 figs. Table 1
2013	Balaenopteridae Bisconti et al. p. 98
2014	Balaenopteridae Bisconti
2015	Balaenopteridae Boessenecker and Fordyce figs. Table 1
2016	Balaenopteridae Bisconti and Bosselaers p. 451
2016	Balaenopteridae Marx and Kohno p. 25 figs. Figure 16
2016	Balaenopteridae Marx et al. p. 113
2017	Balaenopteridae Berta p. 168
2019	Balaenopteridae Bisconti et al. p. 7
2019	Balaenopteridae Tanaka and Watanabe
2020	Balaenopteridae Bisconti et al. p. 6

References

Gray J. E. Notes on the Whalebone-Whales; with a Synopsis of the Species, The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 14, 345-353

Owen R. Appendix to Professor Henslow's paper, consisting of a description of the fossil tympanic bones referable to four distinct pecies of Balaena, Proceedings of the Geological Society of London 4 1, 283-286

Van Beneden P. J. Rapport de M. Van Beneden, Bulletins de L'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique 8, 123-146

Flower W. H. Notes on the skeletons of whales in the principal museums of Holland and Belgium, with descriptions of two species apparently new to Science 1864, 384-420

Seeley H. On the fossil neck-bones of a whale (Paleocetus sedgwicki) from the neighbourhood of Ely, Geological Magazine 2, 54-57

Gray J. E. , Catalogue of Seals and Whales in the British Museum, 1-402

Flower W. H. Description of the skeleton of Inia geoffrensis and the skull of Pontoporia blainvillii, with remarks on the systematic position of these animals in the Order Cetacea, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 6, 87-116

Gray J. E. , Synopsis of the species of whales and dolphins in the Collection of the British Museum, 1-10

Cope E. D. Supplement to the "Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia and Reptilia of North America", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 12, 41-52

Gill T. Synopsis of the primary subdivisions of the cetaceans, Communications of the Essex Institute 6, 121-126

Gill T. Arrangement of the Families of Mammals, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 11 230, 1-98

Van Beneden P. J. Les Baleines fossiles d'Anvers, Bulletins de L'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-arts 34, 6-23

Brandt J. F. Untersuchungen über die fossilen und subfossilen cetaceen Europa's, Mémoires de L'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg, Series 7 20 1, 1-372

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