Haapalaite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Haapalaite
Formula:
(Fe2+,Ni)2(Mg,Fe2+)1.61S2(OH)3.22
Colour:
Bronze-red to light brown
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
1
Specific Gravity:
3.57 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1973 by Maija Huhma, Yrjo Vuorelainen, Tauno Aulis Hakli, and Heikki Papunen in honor of Paavo Haapala (19 August 1906 Finland - 6 November 2002 Finland), chief mining geologist and eventually vice-president at Nickel in the Petsamo District, later chief geologist for the Cerro de Pasco Corporation in Peru, and at Outokumpu Oy, Finland.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1788
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1788:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
7d2eed3b-2fc2-4fbd-b21c-7c1eeae0fc60
IMA Classification of Haapalaite
Approved
IMA Formula:
2[(Fe,Ni)S] · 1.61[(Mg,Fe)(OH)2]
First published:
1973
Classification of Haapalaite
2.FD.30
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
F : Sulfides of arsenic, alkalies; sulfides with halide, oxide, hydroxide, H2O
D : With O, OH, H2O
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
F : Sulfides of arsenic, alkalies; sulfides with halide, oxide, hydroxide, H2O
D : With O, OH, H2O
Dana 7th ed.:
2.14.3.1
2.14.3.1
2 : SULFIDES
14 : Hydroxysulfides and Hydrated Sulfides
2 : SULFIDES
14 : Hydroxysulfides and Hydrated Sulfides
4.9
4 : Oxysulphides
4 : Oxysulphides
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Ha | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Haapalaite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Bronze-red to light brown
Hardness:
1 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN3=9 - 11 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Density:
3.57 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Haapalaite
Anisotropism:
Very strong - bronze-gray to grayish white
Colour in reflected light:
Brown
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
Light brown to grayish brown
Chemistry of Haapalaite
Mindat Formula:
(Fe2+,Ni)2(Mg,Fe2+)1.61S2(OH)3.22
Common Impurities:
Cu,Co,Ca,Al
Crystallography of Haapalaite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Cell Parameters:
a = 3.64(2) Å, c = 34.02(2) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 9.346
Unit Cell V:
390.36 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Thin scales
Comment:
Point Group: n.d.; Space Group: n.d.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
11.34 Å | (100) |
5.67 Å | (90) |
3.18 Å | (80b) |
1.841 Å | (70) |
1.821 Å | (70) |
2.835 Å | (40) |
2.59 Å | (40) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
13 : Hadean serpentinization | |
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] |
Type Occurrence of Haapalaite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Preserved by the Outokumpu Company, Finland.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Serpentines
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Muhma, M., Vuorelainen, Y., Häkli, T.A., Papunen, H. (1973) Haapalaite, a new nickel-iron sulphide of the valleriite type from East Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland: 45: 103-106.
Synonyms of Haapalaite
Other Language Names for Haapalaite
Relationship of Haapalaite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Ekplexite | (Nb,Mo,W)S2 · (Mg1-xAlx)(OH)2+x | Trig. |
Ferrotochilinite | Fe2+6(Fe2+,Mg)5S6(OH)10 | Mon. |
Ferrovalleriite | 2(Fe,Cu)S · 1.5Fe(OH)2 | Trig. |
Tochilinite | Fe2+5-6(Mg,Fe2+)5S6(OH)10 | Mon. |
Valleriite | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 | Trig. |
Yushkinite | (Mg,Al)V4+S2(OH)2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
2.FD. | Ferrovalleriite | 2(Fe,Cu)S · 1.5Fe(OH)2 |
2.FD.05 | Kermesite | Sb2S2O |
2.FD.10 | Viaeneite | (Fe,Pb)4S8O |
2.FD.20 | Erdite | NaFeS2 · 2H2O |
2.FD.25 | Coyoteite | NaFe3S5 · 2H2O |
2.FD.30 | Valleriite | (Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6 |
2.FD.30 | Yushkinite | (Mg,Al)V4+S2(OH)2 |
2.FD.30 | Ekplexite | (Nb,Mo,W)S2 · (Mg1-xAlx)(OH)2+x |
2.FD.35 | Tochilinite | Fe2+5-6(Mg,Fe2+)5S6(OH)10 |
2.FD.35 | Ferrotochilinite | Fe2+6(Fe2+,Mg)5S6(OH)10 |
2.FD.35 | Kaskasite | (Mo,Nb)S2 · (Mg1-xAlx)(OH)2+x |
2.FD.35 | Manganokaskasite | (Mo,Nb)S2 · (Mn1-xAlx)(OH)2+x |
2.FD.40 | Wilhelmramsayite | Cu3FeS3 · 2H2O |
2.FD.45 | Vyalsovite | FeCaAlS(OH)5 |
2.FD.50 | Bazhenovite | Ca8S2(S3)(S2O3)(OH)12 · 20H2O |
2.FD.55 | UM2004-56-OS:BiCuPb | PbCu4Bi4S2(O,OH,H2O)16 (?) |
Other Information
Notes:
Etch reactions: iridescent tarnish with HNO3 and HCl, stains dark brown with FeCl3. Negative with other reagents.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Haapalaite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1788.html
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References for Haapalaite
Reference List:
Localities for Haapalaite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
Finland (TL) | |
| Bul. Geol. Soc. Fin. 45 (1973) |
| Huhma +2 other references |
Japan | |
| Matsubara et al (1991) |
Sweden | |
| Turner (2020) |
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Kokka Ni deposit, Outokumpu mining district, Outokumpu, North Karelia, Finland