Named in 1973 by Maija Huhma, Yrjo Vuorelainen, Tauno Aulis Hakli, and Heikki Papunen in honor of Paavo Haapala (19 August 1906 Finland - 6 November 2002 Finland), chief mining geologist and eventually vice-president at Nickel in the Petsamo District, later chief geologist for the Cerro de Pasco Corporation in Peru, and at Outokumpu Oy, Finland.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Kokka Ni deposit, Outokumpu mining district, Outokumpu, North Karelia, Finland

Valleriite Group.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

1788

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:1788:2

GUID
(UUID V4):

7d2eed3b-2fc2-4fbd-b21c-7c1eeae0fc60

IMA Classification of HaapalaiteHide

IMA status:

Approved

IMA Formula:

2[(Fe,Ni)S] · 1.61[(Mg,Fe)(OH)₂]

First published:

1973

Type description reference:

Muhma, M., Vuorelainen, Y., Häkli, T.A., Papunen, H. (1973) Haapalaite, a new nickel-iron sulphide of the valleriite type from East Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland: 45: 103-106.

Classification of HaapalaiteHide

Strunz-mindat (2024):

2.FD.30

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
F : Sulfides of arsenic, alkalies; sulfides with halide, oxide, hydroxide, H₂O
D : With O, OH, H₂O

Dana 7th ed.:

2.14.3.1

Dana 8th ed.:

2.14.3.1

2 : SULFIDES
14 : Hydroxysulfides and Hydrated Sulfides

Hey's CIM Ref.:

4.9

4 : Oxysulphides

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Symbol	Source	Reference
Ha	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of HaapalaiteHide

Lustre:

Metallic

Transparency:

Opaque

Colour:

Bronze-red to light brown

Hardness:

1 on Mohs scale

Hardness:

VHN₃=9 - 11 kg/mm² - Vickers

Density:

3.57 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of HaapalaiteHide

Anisotropism:

Very strong - bronze-gray to grayish white

Colour in reflected light:

Brown

Pleochroism:

Visible

Comments:

Light brown to grayish brown

Chemistry of HaapalaiteHide

Mindat Formula:

(Fe²⁺,Ni)₂(Mg,Fe²⁺)_1.61S₂(OH)_3.22

Elements listed:

Fe, H, Mg, Ni, O, S - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Common Impurities:

Cu,Co,Ca,Al

Crystallography of HaapalaiteHide

Crystal System:

Hexagonal

Cell Parameters:

a = 3.64(2) Å, c = 34.02(2) Å

Ratio:

a:c = 1 : 9.346

Unit Cell V:

390.36 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Thin scales

Comment:

Point Group: n.d.; Space Group: n.d.

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
11.34 Å	(100)
5.67 Å	(90)
3.18 Å	(80b)
1.841 Å	(70)
1.821 Å	(70)
2.835 Å	(40)
2.59 Å	(40)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere	>4.45
13 : Hadean serpentinization
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event	<2.4
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals]

Type Occurrence of HaapalaiteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Kokka Ni deposit, Outokumpu mining district, Outokumpu, North Karelia, Finland

Place of Conservation of Type Material:

Preserved by the Outokumpu Company, Finland.

Geological Setting of Type Material:

Serpentines

Associated Minerals at Type Locality:

Pentlandite	Maucherite	Magnetite	Lizardite	Chromite
Chalcopyrite	Calcite

Reference:

Synonyms of HaapalaiteHide

IMA1972-021

Other Language Names for HaapalaiteHide

German:Haapalait

Simplified Chinese:叠羟镁硫镍矿

Spanish:Haapalaita

Relationship of Haapalaite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Valleriite Group

Other Members of this group:

Ekplexite	(Nb,Mo,W)S₂ · (Mg_1-xAl_x)(OH)_2+x	Trig.
Ferrotochilinite	Fe²⁺₆(Fe²⁺,Mg)₅S₆(OH)₁₀	Mon.
Ferrovalleriite	2(Fe,Cu)S · 1.5Fe(OH)₂	Trig.
Tochilinite	Fe²⁺_5-6(Mg,Fe²⁺)₅S₆(OH)₁₀	Mon.
Valleriite	(Fe²⁺,Cu)₄(Mg,Al)₃S₄(OH,O)₆	Trig.
Yushkinite	(Mg,Al)V⁴⁺S₂(OH)₂	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

2.FD.	Ferrovalleriite	2(Fe,Cu)S · 1.5Fe(OH)₂	Trig.
2.FD.05	Kermesite	Sb₂S₂O	Tric. 1 : P1
2.FD.10	Viaeneite	(Fe,Pb)₄S₈O	Mon.
2.FD.20	Erdite	NaFeS₂ · 2H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
2.FD.25	Coyoteite	NaFe₃S₅ · 2H₂O	Tric.
2.FD.30	Valleriite	(Fe²⁺,Cu)₄(Mg,Al)₃S₄(OH,O)₆	Trig.
2.FD.30	Yushkinite	(Mg,Al)V⁴⁺S₂(OH)₂	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1
2.FD.30	Ekplexite	(Nb,Mo,W)S₂ · (Mg_1-xAl_x)(OH)_2+x	Trig.
2.FD.35	Tochilinite	Fe²⁺_5-6(Mg,Fe²⁺)₅S₆(OH)₁₀	Mon.
2.FD.35	Ferrotochilinite	Fe²⁺₆(Fe²⁺,Mg)₅S₆(OH)₁₀	Mon.
2.FD.35	Kaskasite	(Mo,Nb)S₂ · (Mg_1-xAl_x)(OH)_2+x	Trig.
2.FD.35	Manganokaskasite	(Mo,Nb)S₂ · (Mn_1-xAl_x)(OH)_2+x	Trig.
2.FD.40	Wilhelmramsayite	Cu₃FeS₃ · 2H₂O	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmm
2.FD.45	Vyalsovite	FeCaAlS(OH)₅	Orth.
2.FD.50	Bazhenovite	Ca₈S₂(S₃)(S₂O₃)(OH)₁₂ · 20H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.FD.55	UM2004-56-OS:BiCuPb	PbCu₄Bi₄S₂(O,OH,H₂O)₁₆ (?)	Tet.

Other InformationHide

Notes:

Etch reactions: iridescent tarnish with HNO3 and HCl, stains dark brown with FeCl3. Negative with other reagents.

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for HaapalaiteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-1788.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

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References for HaapalaiteHide

Reference List:

Fleischer, M. (1973) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 58: 1111-1115.

(2023) Haapalaite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Localities for HaapalaiteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Australia
Tasmania West Coast municipality Zeehan mining district ⓘ Avebury Nickel Mine ?	Bottrill et al. (2008)

Finland (TL)
North Karelia Outokumpu Outokumpu mining district ⓘ Kokka Ni deposit (TL)	Bul. Geol. Soc. Fin. 45 (1973)
North Savo Kaavi ⓘ Kokka	Huhma +2 other references

Japan
Gifu Prefecture Takayama City ⓘ Kurotani (Kurodani)	Matsubara et al (1991)

Sweden
Västmanland County Sala Municipality Sala ⓘ Bronäs mine	Turner (2020)

Haapalaite

About HaapalaiteHide