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Equus

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Equus sp.

Florida, USA

Equus sp.

Florida, USA

Equus sp.

Florida, USA

Equus sp.

Florida, USA

Equus sp.

Florida, USA

Equus sp.

Florida, USA

Description

Equus may refer to:

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	8652950	https://www.gbif.org/species/8652950
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	42996	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42996

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Equus

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Equus

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
-	Placentalia	Owen 1837
order	Perissodactyla
suborder	Lophodontomorpha	Hooker and Dashzeveg 2004
infraorder	Euperissodactyla	Hooker and Dashzeveg 2004
-	Hippomorpha
superfamily	Equoidea	Hay 1902
family	Equidae	Gray 1821
subfamily	Equinae	Steinmann and Döderlein 1890
tribe	Equini	Quinn 1955
genus	Equus	Linnæus 1758

Common Name

horse

Scientific Name

Equus Linnaeus, 1758

Name Published In

Linnæus, Carolus. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae. Vol. Tomus I, Editio decima, reformata: i-ii, 1-824.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Equus	genus	belongs to Bellua	stated without evidence	Linnaeus, 1758
Equus	genus	belongs to Perissodactyla	stated without evidence	Owen, 1848
Equus	genus	belongs to Solipedia	stated without evidence	Leidy, 1860
Equus	genus	belongs to Equidae	stated with evidence	Leidy, 1873
Equus	genus	belongs to Equidae	stated without evidence	Cope, 1881
Equus	genus	belongs to Equinae	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Equus	genus	belongs to Equidae	stated without evidence	Schneider, 1926
Equus	genus	belongs to Equidae	stated with evidence	Stirton, 1940
Equus	genus	belongs to Equidae	stated without evidence	Hibbard, 1955
Equus	genus	belongs to Equini	stated without evidence	Quinn, 1955
Equus	genus	belongs to Equidae	stated without evidence	Kurten and Anderson, 1980
Equus	genus	belongs to Equidae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Equus	genus	belongs to Equini	stated without evidence	Prothero and Schoch, 1989
Equus	genus	belongs to Equidae	stated without evidence	Capasso Barbato and Gliozzi, 1995
Equus	genus	belongs to Equini	stated with evidence	Kelly, 1995
Equus	genus	belongs to Pliohippina	stated with evidence	Prado and Alberdi, 1996
Equus	genus	belongs to Equini	stated with evidence	MacFadden, 1998
Equus	genus	belongs to Equidae	stated without evidence	Cisneros, 2005

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

26 (37%)

First Recorded Appearance

23.0 - 5.3 Ma
Miocene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Eutheria)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

grazer

Ecospace Comments

based by MacFadden et al. (1999) on Walker (1975) and also a grazer during the Plio-Pleistocene based on stable isotopes (MacFadden and Cerling 1996)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

C. Linnaeus. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1:1-824

Common Name(s)

Horses, Horse

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Equus (Dolichohippus) subgenus	listed (PBDB)		156	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Equus (Hemionus) subgenus	listed (PBDB)		19	4.90 Ma Pliocene	0 Ma Extant
Equus (Hesperohippus) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)		1	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Equus (Hippotigris) subgenus	listed (PBDB)				0 Ma Extant
Equus (Sussemionus) ✝ subgenus	listed (PBDB)		14	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0.78 Ma Pleistocene
Equus (Amerhippus) andium ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		12	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Equus (Amerhippus) insulatus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Equus (Amerhippus) martinei ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		4	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Equus (Amerhippus) santaeelenae ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Equus (Plesippus) crenidens ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	3.60 Ma Pliocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Equus africanus species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	African Wild Ass			0 Ma Extant
Equus alaskae ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	0.78 Ma Pleistocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Equus andium species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus asinus species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Donkey	25	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Equus australis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Equus caballus species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Horse	80	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Equus calobatus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		23	4.90 Ma Pliocene	0.78 Ma Pleistocene
Equus capensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		25	23.0 Ma Miocene	0.01 Ma Pleistocene
Equus coliemensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Equus complicatus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		18	4.90 Ma Pliocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Equus conversidens ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		40	4.90 Ma Pliocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Equus crenidens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus curvidens species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus excelsus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	23.0 Ma Miocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Equus ferus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus fraternus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Equus germanicus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus giganteus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		12	4.90 Ma Pliocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Equus grevyi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus hartmannae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus hatcheri ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Equus hemionus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus hemippus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus holmesi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Equus hydruntinus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus idahoensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		20	4.90 Ma Pliocene	1.80 Ma Pleistocene
Equus insulatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus intermedius ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Equus jubatus species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Equus khur species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus kiang species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Kiang	1	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Equus laurentius ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Equus leidyi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		21	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Equus major species	listed (PBDB)		4	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	1.80 Ma Pleistocene
Equus mexicanus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	1.80 Ma Pleistocene	1.80 Ma Pleistocene
Equus nalaikhaensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Equus nearcticus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus nevadanus species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Equus niobrarensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		13	1.80 Ma Pleistocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Equus nobisi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Equus oldowayensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus ovodovi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus pacificus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Equus parastylidens species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Equus pectinatus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	1.80 Ma Pleistocene	1.80 Ma Pleistocene
Equus penrecei species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus phlegon species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus przewalskii species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Przewalski's Horse	2	0.13 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Equus pseudaltidens ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Equus quagga species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Plains Zebra	94	5.33 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Equus santaeelenae ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Equus scotti ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		59	4.90 Ma Pliocene	0.13 Ma Pleistocene
Equus stenonis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		90	5.33 Ma Miocene	0.78 Ma Pleistocene
Equus stenosis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus suessenbornensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus tabeti ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		7	5.33 Ma Miocene	1.81 Ma Pleistocene
Equus taubachensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Equus yunnanensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	11.1 Ma Miocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Equus zebra species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Mountain Zebra	4	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	0 Ma Extant
Neohippus martinei species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Onager onager ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Plesippus fromanius species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		4	4.90 Ma Pliocene	4.90 Ma Pliocene
Pliohippus francescana species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Dolichohippus Heller, 1912	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Dolichohippus*
Megacephalonella Strand, 1943	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Megacephalonella*
Grevya Hilzheimer, 1912	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Grevya*
Ludolphozecora Griffini, 1913	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Ludolphozecora*
Pseudoquagga Hoffstetter, 1951	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Pseudoquagga*
Microhippus Matschie, 1922	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Microhippus*
Onager Brisson, 1762	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Onager*
Hemippus Dietrich, 1959	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Hemippus*
Sussemionus Eisenmann, 2010	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Sussemionus*
Megacephalon Hilzheimer, 1912	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Megacephalon*
Quagga Shortridge, 1934	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Quagga*
Asinohippus Trumler, 1961	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Asinohippus*
Neohippus Abel, 1913	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Neohippus*
Zebra J.A.Allen, 1909	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Zebra*
Hemiomus Seeley, 1899	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Hemiomus*
Eqvus Linnaeus, 1758	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Eqvus*
Quaggoides Willoughby, 1974	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Quaggoides*
Asinus Gray, 1824	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Asinus*
Asinus Brisson, 1762	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Asinus*
Hemionus F.Cuvier, 1823	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Hemionus*
Caballus Rafinesque, 1815	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Caballus*
Equus semiplicatus (Cope, 1893)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Equus : *Equus semiplicatus*
Hippotigris Smith, 1841	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : *Hippotigris*
Onager semiplicatus (Cope, 1893)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Equidae : Equus : *Onager semiplicatus*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1758	Equus Linnaeus p. 73
1762	Onager Brisson
1822	Asinus Gray
1825	Asinus Gray p. 342
1846	Asinus Owen
1848	Equus Owen p. 139
1858	Asinus africanus Fitzinger
1860	Equus Leidy p. 100
1861	Equus taeniopus Heuglin
1873	Equus Leidy p. 321
1881	Equus Cope p. 400
1884	Asinus Noack
1884	Asinus taeniopus Noack
1892	Tomolabis Cope p. 125
1893	Equus semiplicatus Cope p. 80
1901	Equus semiplicatus Gidley p. 129 fig. 20
1902	Equus Hay p. 621
1902	Equus semiplicatus Hay p. 624
1907	Equus Gidley p. 867
1913	Neohippus Abel
1916	Equus (Asinus) Lydekker
1916	Equus asinus taeniopus Lydekker
1924	Plesippus Matthew p. 2
1926	Equus Schneider p. 149
1930	Plesippus Gidley
1930	Kolpohippus van Hoepen
1930	Kraterohippus van Hoepen
1930	Sterrohippus van Hopen
1935	Asinus Dollman
1935	Equus Schultz and Howard p. 285
1940	Equus Stirton p. 194
1942	Asinus Hopwood

Year	Name and Author
1945	Asinus Harper
1955	Equus Hibbard p. 51
1955	Asinus Quinn p. 52
1955	Equus Quinn p. 58
1957	Onager Quinn p. 10
1957	Onager semiplicatus Quinn p. 10
1957	Asinus Quinn p. 27
1957	Equus Quinn p. 27
1958	Asinus Quinn
1959	Asinus Mooser
1961	Allozebra Trumler
1961	Asinus Trumler
1965	Plesippus Hibbard and et al.
1970	Equus (Plesippus) Howe
1970	Plesippus Shotwell
1972	Equus (Amerhippus) Skinner p. 118
1980	Equus Kurten and Anderson p. 285
1981	Equus Thurmond and Jones p. 185
1988	Equus Carroll
1989	Equus Prothero and Schoch p. 532
1995	Equus Capasso Barbato and Gliozzi p. 246
1995	Equus (Plesippus) Forsten and Eisenmann p. 88
1995	Equus Kelly p. 19
1995	Plesippus Repenning et al.
1996	Equus Prado and Alberdi p. 676
1998	Equus MacFadden p. 552
2004	Equus (Amerhippus) Zurita et al.
2005	Equus Cisneros p. 249
2006	Equus (Amerhippus) Rincón et al.
2006	Equus Salles et al. p. 8
2018	Equus Eshelman et al. p. 8

References

Linnaeus C. , Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1, 1-824 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.542

Gray J. E. An outline of an attempt at the disposition of Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe, Annals of Philosophy, new series 10, 337-344

Owen R. Description of teeth and portions of jaws of two extinct Anthracotherioid quadrupeds (Hyopotamus vectianus and Hyop. bovinus) discovered by the Marchioness of Hastings in the Eocene deposits on the NW coast of the Isle of Wight: with an attempt to develope Cuvier's idea of the Classification of Pachyderms by the number of their toes, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 4, 103-141

Leidy J. Description of Vertebrate Fossils, Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South-Carolina, 99-122

Leidy J. Part I. Contributions to the extinct vertebrate fauna of the western territories, Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories 1, 1-358

Cope E. D. The systematic arrangement of the Order Perissodactyla, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 19 108, 377-401

Cope E. D. A contribution to the vertebrate paleontology of Texas, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 30 137, 123-131

Cope E. D. A preliminary report on the vertebrate paleontology of the Llano Estacado, Fourth Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Texas 1892, 11-136

Gidley J. W. (1901) Tooth Characters and Revision of the North American Species of the Genus Equus, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 14 9, 1-60

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Gidley J. W. (1907) Revision of the Miocene and Pliocene Equidae of North America, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 23 35, 865-934

Schneider C. O. (1926) Lista preliminar de los mamiferos fosiles de Chile, Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 30, 144-156

Schultz C. B., Howard E. B. (1935) The fauna of Burnet Cave, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 87, 273-298

Stirton R. A. (1940) Phylogeny of North American Equidae, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 25 4, 165-198

Hibbard C. W. (1955) Pleistocene Vertebrates from the Upper Becerra (Becerra Superior) Formation, Valley of Tequixquiac, Mexico, with Notes on Other Pleistocene Forms, Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 12 5, 47-96

Quinn J. H. (1955) Miocene Equidae of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain, Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas Report of Investigations 5516, 1-102

Quinn J. H. (1957) Pleistocene Equidae of Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas Report of Investigations 33, 1-47

Shotwell J. A. (1970) Pliocene mammals of southeast Oregon and adjacent Idaho, Bulletin of the Museum of Natural History, University of Oregon 17, 1-103

Kurten B., Anderson E. (1980) , Pleistocene mammals of North America, 1-442

Thurmond J. T., Jones D. E. (1981) , Fossil Vertebrates of Alabama, 1-244

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Prothero D. R., Schoch R. M. (1989) Classification of the Perissodactyla, The Evolution of Perissodactyla, 530-537

Capasso Barbato L., Gliozzi E. (1995) Biochronological and palaeogeographical implications of a well-balanced late Middle Pleistocene fauna from Quisiana-Certosa (Capri, Southern Italy), Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana 34 2, 235-261

Kelly T. S. (1995) New Miocene horses from the Caliente Formation, Cuyama Valley Badlands, California, Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 455, 1-33

Repenning C. A., Weasma T. R., et al (1995) The Early Pleistocene (Latest Blancan-Earliest Irvingtonian) Froman Ferry Fauna and History of the Glenns Ferry Formation, Southwestern Idaho, United States Geological Survey Bulletin 2105, 1-86

Prado J. L., Alberdi M. T. (1996) A cladistic analysis of the horses of the tribe Equini, Palaeontology 39 3, 663-680 doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00824.x

MacFadden B. J. (1998) Equidae, Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America 1, 537-559

Zurita A. E., Carlini A. A., et al (2004) Mamíferos extintos del Cuaternario de la Provincia del Chaco (Argentina) y su relación con aquéllos del este de la región pampeana y de Chile, Revista geológica de Chile 31 1, 65-87

Cisneros J. C. (2005) New Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from El Salvador, Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 8 3, 239-255

Rincón A. D., Alberdi M. T., et al (2006) Nuevo registro de Equus (Amerhippus) santaeelenae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) del pozo de asfalto de Inciarte (Pleistoceno Superior), estado Zulia, Venezuela, Ameghiniana 43 3, 529-538

Salles L. O., Cartelle C., et al (2006) Quaternary mammals from Serra do Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, Boletim do Museu Nacional 521, 1-12

Eshelman R. E., Lowery D., et al (2018) Late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) Mammalian Assemblage from Paw Paw Cove, Tilghman Island, Maryland, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 102, 1-15

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Opinion 271 Addition to the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology of the generic names Equus Linnaeus, 1758 (class Mammalia) and Aica Linnaeus, 1758 (class Aves) (Opinion supplementary to Opinion 16).Opinions and declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 6(3), 41-50 (1954) - via Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology

Groves, C. P., and Catherine H. Bell, 2004: New investigations on the taxonomy of the zebras genus Equus, subgenus Hippotigris. Mammalian Biology, vol. 69, no. 3. 182-196. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Groves, Colin, and Peter Grubb, 2011: null. Ungulate Taxonomy. ix + 317. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 1992: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. xviii + 1207. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 2005: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2. 2000. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Wilson, D.M (eds) (2005) Mammal Species of the World. 3rd ed. The John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore. - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (editors). (2005). Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd Ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 2,142 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997, PaleoDB - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. 10th edition. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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