	Guy, B. M., Ono, S., Gutzmer, J., Lin, Y., Beukes, N. J. (2014) Sulfur sources of sedimentary “buckshot” pyrite in the Auriferous Conglomerates of the Mesoarchean Witwatersrand and Ventersdorp Supergroups, Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. Mineralium Deposita, 49 (6) 751-775 doi:10.1007/s00126-014-0518-3	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	and Ventersdorp Supergroups, Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa B. M. Guy & S. Ono & J. Gutzmer & Y. Lin & N...and Ventersdorp supergroups, Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. Detailed petrographic analyses of the reefs...grains from the Main, Vaal, Basal, Kalkoenkrans, Beatrix, and Ventersdorp Contact reefs were analyzed for...Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa e-mail: bradley.guy@sgs.com J. Gutzmer Helmholtz-Institute...Services, SGS South Africa, 58 Melville Street, Booysens, Johannesburg 2091, South Africa Present Address:
	Lippmann, J., Stute, M., Torgersen, T., Moser, D.P., Hall, J.A., Lin, L., Borcsik, M., Bellamy, R.E.S., Onstott, T.C. (2003) Dating ultra-deep mine waters with noble gases and 36Cl, Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67 (23) 4597-4619 doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(03)00414-9	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	1016/S0016-7037(03)00414-9 Dating ultra-deep mine waters with noble gases and South Africa 36 Cl, Witwatersrand Basin...08544, USA 6 Geology Dept Beatrix Mine, P O Box 2823, Welkom, 9460 South Africa (Received May 15, 2002;...below the surface) in the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa, were investigated to quantify the dynamics...research areas is the ultra deep gold mines in South Africa, the deepest continental sites on Earth that...lies within the Archaean Kaapvaal Craton of South Africa (Fig. 1a and b) and formed episodically between
	*Phillips, Neil G., Law, Jonathan D.M. (1994) Metamorphism of the Witwatersrand gold fields: A review. Ore Geology Reviews, 9 (1) 1-31 doi:10.1016/0169-1368(94)90017-5*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Genmin, P.O. Box 61820, Marshalltown, 2107, South Africa (Received November 4, 1992; revised version...biotite, pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite have more local distribution. Pelites ("shales"), quartzites, meta-conglomerates...Dome, Johannesburg, and other important towns (Welkom, W; Klerksdorp, K; Carletonville, C; Randfontein...~ O K ~AR N M A , N,EEF .: :" K'M ERL REEF WELKOM SEQUENCE ELDORADO ". ' , FORMATION ...,. •, "...~r' ...°o ,,~.,. •.; :,... Loraine ~ F r e e State Geduld Western ~ 0 25 50 km Hol ding~"~,~rereaident
	Friese, A. E.W. (2003) 40Ar-39Ar Dating of and Structural Information on Tectonite-Bearing Faults in the Witwatersrand Basin: Evidence for Multi-Stage, Tectono-Thermal Activity in the Central Kaapvaal Craton. South African Journal of Geology, 106 (1) 41-70 doi:10.2113/1060041	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa Present address: Rock Engineering Department...SRK Consulting, PO Box 55291, Northlands 2116, South Africa Wolf Uwe Reimold Impact Cratering Research... Private Bag 3, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa Corresponding author, Fax: +27 (11) 339 1697;...99775-7320, USA © 2003 Geological Society of South Africa ABSTRACT Tectonites from ~2.7-Ga-old Platberg...in H.J. Joel and Harmony gold mines (southern Free State Goldfield) were dated by the 40Ar-39Ar step-heating
	*Phillips, G. Neil, Dong, Guoyi (1994) Chlorite-rich nodules in the Beatrix Reef, Witwatersrand gold fields. Economic Geology, 89 (4) 909-918 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.89.4.909*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	CHLORITE-RICH COMMUNICATIONS NODULES IN THE BEATRIX REEF, WITWATERSRAND G. NEIL PHILLIPS AND Guo-YI...Thisstudy examines the chlorite-rich nodules of the Beatrix reef The Witwatersrandreefs are characterizedby...chlorite-richnodules,quartzcommonly the Beatrixreef at Welkom, for example,they are formstiny roundinclusions...the Fe-rich minerals of hematite, al- found at Beatrix. The chlorite-rich nodules are con- ture. Further...the Beatrixmineandstratigraphic positionof the Beatrix reef (simplifiedfromTweedie,1986). The DominionGroup(below)
	Heard, Andrew W., Warr, Oliver, Borgonie, Gaetan, Linage, Borja, Kuloyo, Olukayode, Fellowes, Jonathan W., Magnabosco, Cara, Lau, Maggie C.Y., Erasmus, Mariana, Cason, Errol D., van Heerden, Esta, Kieft, Thomas L., Mabry, Jennifer C., Onstott, Tullis C., Sherwood Lollar, Barbara, Ballentine, Chris J. (2018) South African crustal fracture fluids preserve paleometeoric water signatures for up to tens of millions of years. Chemical Geology, 493. 379-395 doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.06.011	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Accepted Manuscript South African crustal fracture fluids preserve paleometeoric water signatures for...Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Chris J. Ballentine , South African crustal fracture fluids preserve paleometeoric...apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT South African Crustal Fracture Fluids Preserve Paleometeoric...Biotechnology, University of the Free State, CE Bloemfontein, South Africa 10 Biology Department, New Mexico...Fermi Institute, The University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A. (andyheard@uchicago
	Minter, W. E. L., Feather, C. E., Glatthaar, C. W. (1988) Sedimentological and mineralogical aspects of the newly discovered Witwatersrand placer deposit that reflect Proterozoic weathering, Welkom gold field, South Africa. Economic Geology, 83 (3) 481-491 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.83.3.481	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	hat ReflectProterozoicWeathering, Welkom Gold Field, South Africa W. E. L. MINTER, Departmentof Geology...of erosionin the Witwatersrand succession in the Welkom gold field. Fluvial and debris flow sedimentson...of arthe earliest cratonic sediments in southern Africa enites,with minor gravelfacies,andwere deposited...the St. Helenafan and at the baseof the overlying Welkom fan, is referred to collectivelyasthe Intermediate... The Basal and Steyn placers at the top of the Welkom Formation represent terminal gravelsin two coalescing
	*Dankert, Bjinse T., Hein, Kim A.A. (2010) Evaluating the structural character and tectonic history of the Witwatersrand Basin. Precambrian Research, 177 (1) 1-22 doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2009.10.007*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Empire Street, WITS 2050, Gauteng, Johannesburg, South Africa a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received... a b s t r a c t The Witwatersrand Basin in South Africa has been the focus of gold exploitation for...the Free State (Welkom), Klerksdorp, West Wits Line, West Rand, Central Rand, East Rand and South Rand.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2. South Rand goldﬁeld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Free State (Welkom) goldﬁeld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
	Lippmann-Pipke, Johanna, Sherwood Lollar, Barbara, Niedermann, Samuel, Stroncik, Nicole A., Naumann, Rudolf, van Heerden, Esta, Onstott, Tullis C. (2011) Neon identifies two billion year old fluid component in Kaapvaal Craton. Chemical Geology, 283 (3) 287-296 doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.01.028	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa e Department of Geosciences...deep gold mines of the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa have gained recent attention not only because...deep gold mines of the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa, a suite of noble gas isotopes 3,4He, 20Ne,...depth throughout of the Witwatersrand basin, South Africa. Noble gas concentrations and isotope ratios...Witwatersrand/Beatrix/Central Rand/Beatrix reef Witwatersrand/Beatrix/Central Rand/Beatrix reef Witwat
	*Simanovich, I. M. (2009) Auriferous Precambrian conglomerates of Witwatersrand. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 44 (5) 497-509 doi:10.1134/s0024490209050071*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	processes, temperature of the Earth’s surface, and state and composition of primary atmosphere at early stages...gneisses (“gray gneisses”) detected, though in local sectors, virtually in all continents and ancient...Rand, (V) Carletonville, (VI) Klerksdorp, (VII) Welkom. (1−12) Major reefs developed in the western fields:...(7) Vaal, (8) Eldorado, (9) Andenk, (10) Beisa-Beatrix, (11) Basal (Steyn), (12) Commonage; (2−4) rock...In this connection, it is worth mentioning that South African geologists (Robb and Robb, 1998; Frimmel
	Nwaila, Glen T., Frimmel, Hartwig E. (2019) Highly siderophile elements in Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic marine shales of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. Mineralogy and Petrology, 113 (3) 307-327 doi:10.1007/s00710-018-0650-3	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Palaeoproterozoic marine shales of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa Glen T. Nwaila 1,2 & Hartwig E. Frimmel 2...Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa 2 Bavarian Georesources Centre (BGC), Institute...Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa and PGE content in modern seawater are extremely...cover successions of the Kaapvaal Craton in South Africa (Fig. 1). A large amount of geochemical data...Palaeoproterozoic marine shales of the Kaapvaal Craton, South... in the hinterland of the Witwatersrand Basin
	Sherwood Lollar, B., Voglesonger, K., Lin, L.-H., Lacrampe-Couloume, G., Telling, J., Abrajano, T.A., Onstott, T.C., Pratt, L.M. (2007) Hydrogeologic Controls on Episodic H2 Release from Precambrian Fractured Rocks—Energy for Deep Subsurface Life on Earth and Mars. Astrobiology, 7 (6) 971-986 doi:10.1089/ast.2006.0096	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	range and H2 levels up to 9–58% by volume in the free gas phase are reported for groundwaters at sites...for groundwaters from the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa, these findings indicate that deep Precambrian...signatures of H2 gas from Canada, Finland, and South Africa are consistent with a range of H2-producing...at 2–3 km depth in the Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa, Lin et al. (2006b) and Sherwood Lollar et al...previous studies of sites in Canada, Finland, and South Africa, the current paper shows that, worldwide, Precambrian
	McCarthy, T.S., Corner, B., Lombard, H., Beukes, N.J., Armstrong, R.A., Cawthorn, R.G. (2018) The pre-Karoo geology of the southern portion of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, 121 (1) 1-22 doi:10.25131/sajg.121.0006	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	the southern portion of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa T.S. McCarthy School of Geosciences, University...2050, South Africa Shango Solutions, HHK House, 22 Ethel Street, Johannesburg 2194, South Africa e-mail:...Department of Geosciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa e-mail: branko@iafrica.com.na H. Lombard Geo-Consult...address: PO Box 469, Struben's Valley, 1735, South Africa e-mail: henri.lombard@gmail.com N.J. Beukes...University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa e-mail: nbeukes@uj.ac.za R.A. Armstrong Research
	*Frimmel, Hartwig E., Hennigh, Quinton (2015) First whiffs of atmospheric oxygen triggered onset of crustal gold cycle. Mineralium Deposita, 50 (1) 5-23 doi:10.1007/s00126-014-0574-8*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	photosynthesizers at around 3.0 Ga, the first ‘whiffs’ of free oxygen produced by photosynthesis under an overall...University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa e-mail: hartwig.frimmel@uni-wuerzburg.de Q....mineralization was indeed synsedimentary. Limited local remobilization of gold and other ore constituents...compared with average continental crust, average South African peridotite xenolith and Allende meteorite...2890 ● ● ● 2900 Ada May, Beisa, North, Main, South, Carbon Leader, Commonage Middelvlei Livingstone
	PHILLIPS, G.N. (1988) Widespread fluid infiltration during metamorphism of the Witwatersrand goldfields: generation of chloritoid and pyrophyllite. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 6 (3) 311-332 doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314.1988.tb00423.x	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, 2050, South Africa Abstract. Chloritoid and pyrophyllite occur...Koen, 1975; Palmer, 1986; Phillips, 1987). In the Welkom goldfield, chloritoid- andor pyrophyllite-bearing...interpreted to be diamictites, in the west of ERPM gold mine (D. Martin, personal communication, 1986). Mature...metasediments (e.g. Consolidated Modderfontein gold mine); minor pyrophyllite occurs near the margins of...following mines: Beatrix. Harmony, Unisel, St Helena, President Steyn, President Brand, Free State Saaiplaas
	Kesler, Stephen E., Ohmoto, Hiroshi (2006) Evolution of Early Earth's Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Biosphere - Constraints from Ore Deposits. GSA Memoir 198. Geological Society of America doi:10.1130/mem198	Report (issue)
	Great Oxidation Event (GOE). The availability of free oxygen would have had a strong effect on the (bio)geochemical...elements that exist in more than one oxidation state in nature. Of the major rock-forming elements, only...famous Mesoarchean Witwatersrand Supergroup in South Africa that contains Earth’s largest gold-uranium deposits...post-depositional processes in uranium ores at the Stanleigh mine, Elliot Lake, Ontario, Canada.....................glacier-associated sediments of the Neoproterozoic of south China: Oceanic anoxia or sulfate limitation? ..
	*Foster, R. P. - Ed.* (1993) Gold Metallogeny and Exploration. Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2128-6**	Book
	I hope that this volume provides both a useful state-of-the-art review and an insight into the scientific...Manchester in 1973 (Ph.D.) and was then employed as a mine and exploration geologist by Falcon Mines Ltd in...and applied research in collaboration with the local mining industry. In 1984 he moved to the University...consultant on gold mining and exploration in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Professor D.1. Groves Key...geochemical exploration programmes, in France and North Africa, where he has gained considerable experience in
	*Larkin, Kay - Ed.* (1991) Financial Times Mining International Year Book 1992 . Longman, Harlow.**	Book
	447 467 491 Company Index 503 Tables: World Mine Production of Gold, Silver and Base Metals 5A2...Mining OFFICES: 5011 Meadowood Way Paradise Peak Mine Suite 300 (100% FMC Gold) * Sales Reno, Nevada...Elko, Nevada (303) 292-7500 Royal Mountain King Mine (100% FMC Gold) Copperopolis, California Beartrack... Gold's price fell to levels at which half the South African gold mines, probably half those in Australia...have been widespread, especially in the highcost South African mines. Some say a structural change is taking
	*DeKun, Nicolas (1962) The economic geology of columbium (niobium) and of tantalum. Economic Geology, 57 (3) 377-404 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.57.3.377*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	tantalumdepositsare restrictedto specificbelts in Africa and South America. INTRODUCTION COLUMBITE-TANTALITE...alkaline complexesdeficientin columbiumand calcite. Zircon is also the main ore-mineralof metallogenetic granites...columbiumand tantalum rich parts of the crust in south-easternAfrica and America. Internal $tructure.--A...overwhelmingmajority indue to the frequencyof complexesin Africa was extrudedin volcanoes. Types oI CarbonatiteComplexes...faults or their intersections(Kaiserstuhl, Feia district), in or on the edge of rift-valleys. They are
	*(2016) World Distribution of Uranium Deposits (UDEPO) IAEA TECDOC* 1843. International Atomic Energy Agency**	Report (issue)
	BELARUS BELGIUM BELIZE BENIN BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BOTSWANA BRAZIL BRUNEI...SEYCHELLES SIERRA LEONE SINGAPORE SLOVAKIA SLOVENIA SOUTH AFRICA SPAIN SRI LANKA SUDAN SWAZILAND SWEDEN SWITZERLAND.........................................59 3.3.4. Mine data .............................................Kazakhstan Canada Russian Federation Namibia South Africa Niger Brazil China Greenland (Denmark) Ukraine...Rössing in Namibia and the closure of the Kayelekera mine in Malawi as a result of low prevailing uranium
	*Dewey, Melvil (2003) Dewey Decimal Classification* (22nd ed.) Vol. 4 - Relative Index. OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. , Dublin, OH.**	Book (volume)
	British Columbia California Colorado Connecticut District of Columbia Delaware Department Florida Georgia...Wis. Wyo. Yukon 3 New Mexico Nova Scotia New South Wales Northern Territory Northwest Territories New...Pennsylvania Queensland Rhode Island South Australia South Carolina South Dakota Saskatchewan Tasmania Tennessee...(Wales) Aberdeen (Scotland) Aberdeen (South Africa : District) Aberdeen Angus cattle Aberdeenshire (Scotland)...aka 294.382 4 Abhidharmapitaka T2--669 45 Abia State (Nigeria) T2--666 8 Abidjan (Ivory Coast) 153.9
	*Dewey, Melvil (1989) Dewey Decimal Classification* (20th ed.) Vol. 4. Forest Press, Albany, NY.**	Book (volume)
	Socialist Republic N.T. N.Y. Neb. Nev. Scotia South Wales Northern Territory Northwest Territories ...Socialist Republic South Australia Ind. Indiana S.C. South Carolina Kan. S.D. South Dakota Ky. Kansas...Australia British Mich. N.J. N.M. Columbia District of Columbia New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico...(Scotland) Aberdeen (South Africa T2- -429 27 T2- -412 35 : T2- -687 15 District) Aberdeen Angus cattle...Abiogenesis Abitibi (Quebec Regional County Municipality) T2- -666 8 371.254 153.93 371.26 658.311 25
	Heller, Beatrix Muriel, LüNsdorf, Nils Keno, Dunkl, István, Molnár, Ferenc, von Eynatten, Hilmar (2019) Estimation of radiation damage in titanites using Raman spectroscopy. American Mineralogist, 104 (6) 857-868 doi:10.2138/am-2019-6681	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	radiation damage in titanites using Raman spectroscopy Beatrix Muriel Heller1,, Nils Keno Lünsdorf1, István Dunkl1...subsidence and exhumation are missing. In contrast to zircon* that has commonly effective uranium content (eU...is common in intermediate to mafic rocks where zircon is typically absent. The closure temperature (Tc)...is influenced by the composition and crystalline state of the dated crystals. Among all influencing parameters...the Tc values of the most widely used minerals, zircon and apatite, has been intensively investigated
	*Johnsson, Erik - Ed.* (2013) 12th Biennial SGA Meeting, 12–15 August 2013, Uppsala, Sweden. Mineral deposit research for a high-tech world, 4.**	Conference Proceedings (Volume)
	Cover photograph: View of the Aitik open pit copper mine in the very north of Sweden. Mining operations started...Heerenveen granites/pegmatites (Barberton area, South Africa): a possible source for the Dominion Reef quartz...of the pelitic schist in the Dufferin Lake Zone, south central Athabasca Basin, Saskatchewan, Canada ...through polycyclic orogeny: the example of the Litsa district, Russia Anne-Sylvie André-Mayer, Michel Cuney...mantle-crustal ore-forming systems of the Pechenga ore district (Fennoscandian shield) .....................
	Gautheron, Cécile, Hueck, Mathias, Ternois, Sébastien, Heller, Beatrix, Schwartz, Stéphane, Sarda, Philippe, Tassan-Got, Laurent (2022) Investigating the Shallow to Mid-Depth (>100–300 °C) Continental Crust Evolution with (U-Th)/He Thermochronology: A Review. Minerals, 12 (5) 563 doi:10.3390/min12050563	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	1, , Mathias Hueck 2 , Sébastien Ternois 3 , Beatrix* Heller 1 , Stéphane Schwartz 4 , Philippe Sarda...phases of igneous and metamorphic rocks (e.g., zircon and titanite) or mafic and ultramafic rocks (e...future. Keywords: (U-Th)/He; thermochronology; zircon; titanite; magnetite; radiation damage Published:...com/journal/minerals Minerals 2022, 12, 563 2 of 24 zircon, titanite, rutile, perovskite, magnetite and spinel)...system, closure temperature of 60–120 ◦ C [10]; zircon fission-track (ZFT) system, closure temperature

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Zircon from Beatrix Mine, Welkom, Matjhabeng Local Municipality, Lejweleputswa District Municipality, Free State, South Africa

Zircon from
Beatrix Mine, Welkom, Matjhabeng Local Municipality, Lejweleputswa District Municipality, Free State, South Africa