	*Williams, Richard S., Ferrigno, Jane G. (1993) Glaciers of Europe. Professional Paper* Vol. 1386 (1386e) US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/pp1386e**	Report (issue)
	months (June through August), so areas of snow and ice are strikingly evident (fig. 1). Initially, all the...fastchanging phenomena such as the extent of the snow and ice areas on the glaciers (Rott, 1977). Landsat 4 and...the mountain glaciers and for mapping of snow and ice areas (Rott and Markl, 1989). Vertical aerial photographs... M. , 1981, Climate and glaciers, in Sea level, ice, and climatic change: International Association of...H., 1985, Towards a SAR system for snow and land ice applications: Proceedings of Workshop on Thematic
	Mackintosh, Andrew N., Anderson, Brian M., Pierrehumbert, Raymond T. (2017) Reconstructing Climate from Glaciers. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 45. 649-680 doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-020643	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	sea level The sea, or rather the vast river of ice, wound among its dependent mountains, whose aerial...perennial land ice that is maintained by accumulation of snow at high altitudes and balanced by ice ablation...cirque, and valley glaciers as well as ice caps and ice fields. Ice sheets (continental-scale glaciers)...(b) much of the ice sheet margins terminate in the ocean, and (c) the Antarctic ice sheets have always...with the magnitude of retreat reflecting massive ice loss due to calving of icebergs as climate warming
	(2009) On the interpretation of discrete debris accumulations associated with glaciers with special reference to the British Isles. Special Publication, 320. Geological Society of London. 85-102 doi:10.1144/sp320.7	Report (chapter)
	protalus ramparts and protalus lobes as functions of ice and debris input, as well as thermal regime. It is...is suggested that the relative amounts of ice and rock debris are important in the formation of certain...highlight critical conditions and where knowledge from ice-free areas is poor. Answers, it should be noted,...environmental conditions will allow improved modelling of ice mass extents and volumes, as well as associated climate...interpretations of the complex relationships of climate, ice and deposited features. Major environmental controls
	*(1990) Chapter 9: Mass balance of mountain glaciers and the earth's climate. Polar Geography and Geology, 14 (3) 188-216 doi:10.1080/10889379009377432*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	compendium on the climatic role of various snow and ice formations on the earth (1982)—the advance and retreat...Olfotbreen Grasubreen Hardangerjokull Helstugubreen Nigardsbreen St^rbreen StfJr glaciers 13. 14. 15. 16. 17...themselves determine them on a global scale (e.g., the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland). In terms of brightness...Malyy Aktru, Me = MacCol, Ml = McClure, N = Nigardsbreen, Ns = Nisqually, P = Peyto, R = Rikkha Samba...Cascade, Taku, Sil'vretta, Central Tuyuksu, Nigardsbreen, and several others (see Fig. 42). Some of the
	(2005) Glacier-permafrost interaction in Arctic and alpine mountain environments with examples from southern Norway and Svalbard, in Cryospheric Systems: Glaciers And Permafrost. Special Publication, 242 (1) Geological Society of London. 11-27 doi:10.1144/gsl.sp.2005.242.01.02	Report (chapter)
	mountain environments with examples from southern Norway and Svalbard BERND E T Z E L M O L L E R & JON...Oslo, PO Box 1047, Blindern, N - 0 3 1 6 Oslo, Norway (e-mail: bernde @geo. uio. no, joh @geo. uio.no)...landform development at the margins of Pleistocene ice sheets. During more recent decades many systematic...recently in the southern fringe of the Wisconsin ice sheet in North America (e.g., Bluemle & Clayton 1984;...permafrost in mountain environments of southern Norway and Svalbard. The paper focuses on mountainous
	*Roe, Gerard H., Baker, Marcia B., Herla, Florian (2017) Centennial glacier retreat as categorical evidence of regional climate change. Nature Geoscience, 10 (2) 95-99 doi:10.1038/ngeo2863*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	Hintereisferner, Austria Gries, Switzerland Nigardsbreen, Norway South Cascade, USA Koryto, Russia Franz...response time τ = −H /bt , where H is a characteristic ice thickness and bt is the (negative) mass balance at...embodies the ice dynamics, and captures three distinct stages of adjustment: changes in interior ice thickness...thickness drive changes in ice flux at the terminus that, in turn, drive changes in glacier length12,14 . τ... −12) pLnull < 1% Probability density Nigardsbreen, Norway σ L = 740 (470, 1,470) m sL = −5 (−2, −8)
	*Kessler, Mark A., Anderson, Robert S., Briner, Jason P. (2008) Fjord insertion into continental margins driven by topographic steering of ice. Nature Geoscience, 1 (6) 365-369 doi:10.1038/ngeo201*	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	continental margins driven by topographic steering of ice MARK A. KESSLER1 , ROBERT S. ANDERSON1,2 AND JASON...River 70° N Barnes Ice* Cap 50 km 2,000 Southwest Northeast Barnes 1,600 Ice Cap 1,200 800 Fox Baffin...continental edges formerly occupied by Quaternary ice sheets, reaching kilometre depths and extending many...late Cenozoic ice sheets, because rivers cannot erode bedrock much below sea level. Ice sheets drain primarily...may have altered ice-sheet size, shape and dynamics. Here, we use a two-dimensional ice-sheet model to
	Gray, J.M., Lowe, J.J. (1982) Problems in the interpretation of small-scale erosional forms on glaciated bedrock surfaces: examples from Snowdonia, North Wales. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 93 (4) 403-414 doi:10.1016/s0016-7878(82)80025-4	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	discovered . These are (i) relationship to direction of ice movement-analyses are presented of the orient ation...analyses of the Snowdonia forms . (a) Relationship to ice movement directions One of the major uses of small-...erosional forms has been in determining directions of ice movement . Striae have probably been used most in...interpretation , including (i) possible changes in ice movement during one glacial phase; (ii) influence...occurrence of striae produced by agencies other than ice. These and other problems led Flint (p. 95) to conclude
	Killingbeck, Siobhan F., Booth, Adam D., Livermore, Philip W., Bates, C. Richard, West, Landis J. (2020) Characterisation of subglacial water using a constrained transdimensional Bayesian transient electromagnetic inversion. Solid Earth, 11 (1). 75-94 doi:10.5194/se-11-75-2020	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	fundamental importance when characterising the dynamics of ice masses. The state of subglacial pore water, whether...several important controls on ice flow, both through composition and ice–material interactions. The potential...the evolution of ice masses of all sizes, from small mountain glaciers to large polar ice sheets (Christoffersen...develop accurate ice-flow models is limited by poor understanding of processes acting at the ice–bed interface...characterise the internal properties of glacier ice and its immediate basal environment. Such methods
	*Atwood, Frederick D. (2013) Rocks & Minerals* - A Portrait of the Natural World. New Line Books.**	Book
	its swirling, banded patterns like fudge ripple ice cream; smooth, wave-polished, brightly colored granite...through; rocks that tasted salty and could melt the ice on my front steps; smooth, flat, layered rocks that...was the chalk made out of the Nigardsbreen glacier in Norway once filled this meandering valley...mountains is mind-boggling. The eons it takes for rain, ice, and wind to whittle away a mountain, carrying it...Galena is easily identified by its silvery, metallic luster, its chunky, step-like cleavage, and its hefty
	Višnjević, Vjeran, Herman, Frédéric, Prasicek, Günther (2020) Climatic patterns over the European Alps during the LGM derived from inversion of the paleo-ice extent. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 538. 116185 doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116185	Journal (article/letter/editorial)
	during the LGM derived from inversion of the paleo-ice extent Vjeran Višnjević a,∗ , Frédéric Herman a...Keywords: Alps ice caps paleoclimate glacier mass balance equilibrium line altitude ice extent a b s...interglacial periods. While the timing and extent of past ice caps are well documented, local variations in temperature...cold high-pressure zone above the Fennoscandian ice cap on the position of the jet stream in Europe,...reconstruct climate conditions that led to the observed ice extent in the European Alps during the last glacial
	*(2005) Cryospheric Systems: Glaciers And Permafrost. Special Publication* Vol. 242. Geological Society of London**	Report (volume)
	mountain environments with examples from southern Norway and Svalbard 11 HAEBERLI, W. Investigating glacier-permafrost...Western Cordillera of southern Peru Proglacial and Ice Marginal Processes IRVINE-FYNN, T. D. L., MOORMAN...HARRIS, C. & MURTON, J. B. Experimental simulation of ice-wedge casting: processes, products and palaeoenvironmental...mountain environments with examples from southern Norway and Svalbard 11 HAEBERLI, W. Investigating glacier-permafrost...Western Cordillera of southern Peru Proglacial and Ice Marginal Processes IRVINE-FYNN, T. D. L., MOORMAN
	Johansson, Peter (1995) The deglaciation in the eastern part of the Weichselian ice divide in Finnish Lapland. Bulletin de la Commission Géologique de Finlande Vol. 383. Geological Survey of Finland	Journal (volume)
	deglaciation in the eastern part of the Weichselian ice divide in Finnish Lapland by Peter Johansson Geological...DEGLACIATION IN THE EASTERN PART OF THE WEICHSELIAN ICE DIVIDE IN FINNISH LAPLAND by PETER JOHANSSON with...deglaciation in the eastern part of the Weichselian ice divide in Finnish Lapland. Geological Survey 0/ Finland...youngest to oldest). A picture of the movements of the ice sheet before the last deglaciation was created on...C. During the Late Weichselian deglaciation, the ice divide crossed the area in an E- W direction. The
	*Forfattere Olsen, L., Fredin, O., Olesen, O. - Eds.* (2013) Quaternary geology of Norway. Special Publication 13. Geological Survey of Norway**	Report (issue)
	Quaternary Geology of Norway Quaternary geology of norway Geological Survey of Norway Special Publication...Publication, 13 Geological Survey of Norway Special Publication, 13 9 788273 851536 Lars Olsen, Ola Fredin... Fredin & Olesen (eds.) Geological Survey of Norway Special Publication, 13 The NGU Special Publication...geologiske undersøkelse (Geological Survey of Norway) NO–7491 Norway All Rights reserved ISSN: 0801–5961 ISBN:...landforms and Quaternary landscape development in Norway Ola Fredin, Bjørn Bergstrøm, Raymond Eilertsen
	*Knight, J., Harrison, S. - Eds.* (2009) Periglacial and Paraglacial Processes and Environments. Special Publication Vol. 320. Geological Society of London**	Report (volume)
	and processes on ice-eroded bedrock, R0ldal area. Hu.rdangervidda. southern Norway 29 SEPPALA. M. &...MURTON. J.B. & KNIGHT. P. G. Basal glacier ice and massive ground ice: different scientists. san1e science...locaLeJ outside the n1argins of past and present ice sheets but responding Lo si1nilar climate forcings...preservation potential in areas that were overridden by ice in later glaciations. Jn addition, as interglacials...present Holocene, are characterized by low continental ice volume and land surfaces dominated by plants. As
	*(1997) References. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 17. Geological Society of London. 477-514 doi:10.1144/gsl.mem.1997.017.01.25*	Report (chapter)
	basement complex mapping north of latitude 64~ Norway. Norges Geologiske Undersokelse, Publication, 29...(ed.) Progress in Studies of the Lithosphere in Norway. Norges geologiske undersokelse, Special Publications...3, 58-65. ANDERSEN, B. G. 1981. Late Weichselian ice sheets in Eurasia and Greenland. In: DENTON, G. H...H. & HUGHES, T. J. (eds) The Last Great Ice Sheets. Wiley, New York, 1-65. ANDERSEN, E. S., SOLHEIM,...1990. Remote-sensing studies of Kvitoyjokulen, an ice cap on Kvitoya, north-east Svalbard. Journal of Glaciology
	*Waltham, A. C. (1976) The World of Caves. Orbis Publishing Ltd, London.*	Book
	of tall stalagmites each resembling a column of ice-cream cornets stacked inside each other; the world's...Bears were frequent visitors to caves during the ice ages, and many must have hibernated underground as...found in its chambers. — — — 37 Another regular ice age cave visitor was the hyena, it still lives today...variations, culminating of course in the four major ice ages. Such changes in climate then rendered some...anomaly is explained by the climate during the last Ice Age when the caves were inhabited; the nights were
	*(2007) Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Elsevier.*	Book
	public domain and are not subject to copyright: ICE CORE RECORDS/Thermal Diffusion Paleotemperature Records...resolution isotope records showing the history of ice-sheet fluctuations during the Quaternary. Perhaps...reversal (0.78 Ma). Their work demonstrated that global ice volume could be determined throughout the intervals...the Vostok ice-core record from Antarctica. By comparing the timing of the records from ice cores and...deep-ocean sediments, it was possible to show that ice volume (as shown by the oxygenisotope record) lags
	*Price, R. J., Sugden, D. E. (1972, June) Polar Geomorphology. Special Publication* 4. Institute of British Geographers**	Report (issue)
	BOULTON 1 The wear of sandstone by cold, sliding ice by R. HOPE, H. LISTER and R. WHITEHOUSE 21 Deglaciation...solifluction lobes, Okstindan, northern Norway by c. HARRIS The nature of the ice-foot on the beaches of Radstock...glacier, determined by climate, mass balance and ice thickness, can be used to define four boundary conditions...erosion may be carried up to high levels in the ice by net freezing of water at the glacier sole. Because...glacier bed, the materials which compose it, ice velocity and ice thickness. These latter assertions will
	Williams, Richard S., Ferrigno, Jane G. (2012) State of the Earth’s cryosphere at the beginning of the 21st century : glaciers, global snow cover, floating ice, and permafrost and periglacial environments: Chapter A in Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world. Professional Paper Vol. 1386 (1386a) US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/pp1386a	Report (issue)
	21st Century: Glaciers, Global Snow Cover, Floating Ice, and Permafrost and Periglacial Environments— GLACIERS...SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS By RICHARD S. WILLIAMS, JR. ICE CORES, HIGH-MOUNTAIN GLACIERS, AND CLIMATE By LONNIE...MARK B. DYURGEROV and MARK F. MEIER GLOBAL LAND ICE MEASUREMENTS FROM SPACE (GLIMS) By BRUCE H. RAUP...Earth’s glaciers are retreating and losing mass. Ice cores from high-mountain glaciers provide more comprehensive...(centuries to millennia) than ice cores from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets (tens to hundreds of
	*Goudie, A. S. - Ed.* (2004) Encyclopedia of Geomorphology Vol. 1 - A-I. Routledge, London.**	Book (volume)
	France Bernd Etzelmiiller University of Oslo, Norway Jose M. Garcia-Ruiz Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia... University of London, UK University of Oslo, Norway Darren Ham University of British Columbia, Canada...Nesje US Geological Survey University of Bergen, Norway Mauro Marchetti Scott Nichol Universitd di Modena...Angelique Prick The University Centre on Svalbard, Norway Matti Seppala University of Finland Roland E...front positions at the outlet glacier Nigardsbreen, southern Norway 234 37 Temperature variation during
	*(2001) Library of Congress Subject Headings* (24th ed.) Vol. 4 - N-R. Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.**	Book (volume)
	Namdal (Norway) USE Namdalen (Norway) Namdalen (Norway) UF Namdal (Norway) Namsen River Valley (Norway) Namsen...Namsen Valley (Norway) BT Valleys—Norway Namdapha Biosphere Reserve (India) BT Biosphere reserves—India...Nams Fjord (Norway) USE Namsfjorden (Norway) Nams River (Norway) USE Namsen River (Norway) Namsangia language...Namsen Elv (Norway) USE Namsen River (Norway) Namsen Elven (Norway) USE Namsen River (Norway) Namsen Fjord...Fjord (Norway) USE Namsfjorden (Norway) Namsen River (Norway) UF Nams River (Norway) Namsen Elv (Norway)
	*(2001) Library of Congress Subject Headings* (24th ed.) Vol. 2 - D-H. Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.**	Book (volume)
	Concentrated mUk—Law and legislation Dairy inspection Ice cream, ices, etc.—Law and legislation Products liability—Dairy...Cheese industry Cream industry Dried milk industry Ice cream industry Milk trade Sour cream industry Yogurt...Dwags-po (Sect) Dakshin Gangotri (Drifting ice station) BT Drifting ice stations—Antarctica Dakshinamurti (Hindu...DUrimple family Dais Fjord (Norway) UF Dalsfjorden (Norway) BT Fjords—Norway Dalseno family (Not Subd Geog)...Geog) DalsQorden (Norway) USE Dais Fjord (Norway) Dalsland (Sweden) Dalton family (Not Subd Geog) UF

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Ice from Nigardsbreen, Luster, Vestland, Norway

Ice from
Nigardsbreen, Luster, Vestland, Norway