| Description | Paddlefish (family Polyodontidae) are basal Chondrostean ray-finned fish. They have been referred to as "primitive fish" because they have evolved with few morphological changes since the earliest fossil records of the Early Cretaceous, 120 to 125 million years ago. Polyodontids are exclusively North American and Chinese.
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| Source Data | |
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| Rank | family |
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| Taxonomy (GBIF) | Life : Animalia : Chordata : Actinopterygii : Acipenseriformes : Polyodontidae |
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| Taxonomy (PBDB) | Life : Animalia : Chordata : Actinopteri : Acipenseriformes : Polyodontidae |
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| Taxonomic Status (GBIF) | accepted |
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Classification
(PBDB,GBIF) | |
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| Common Name | paddlefish |
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| Scientific Name | Polyodontidae |
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| Opinions (PBDB) | | Name | Rank | Opinion | Evidence | Author |
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| Polyodontidae | family | belongs to Chondrostei | stated with evidence | Woodward, 1895 | | Polyodontidae | family | belongs to Chondrostei | stated without evidence | Hay, 1902 | | Polyodontidae | family | belongs to Selachostomi | stated without evidence | Jordan, 1963 | | Polyodontidae | family | belongs to Acipenseriformes | stated without evidence | Estes and Berberian, 1970 | | Polyodontidae | family | belongs to Acipenseriformes | implied | Bryant, 1989 | | Polyodontidae | family | belongs to Acipenseroidei | stated with evidence | Grande and Bemis, 1996 | | Polyodontidae | family | belongs to Acipenseriformes | stated without evidence | Grande et al., 2002 | | Polyodontidae | family | belongs to Acipenseroidei | stated without evidence | Grande and Hilton, 2006 | | Polyodontidae | family | belongs to Acipenseriformes | stated with evidence | Betancur-R et al., 2013 |
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| Status (PBDB) | extant |
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| Taxon Size (PBDB) | 23 |
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| Extant Size (PBDB) | 9 (39%) |
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| First Recorded Appearance | 129 - 122 Ma
Early/Lower Cretaceous |
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| Environment | marine (based on Vertebrata) |
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| Motility | actively mobile (based on Acipenseriformes) |
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| Diet | carnivore (based on Acipenseriformes) |
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| Taphonomy | phosphatic (based on Vertebrata) |
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| Primary Reference (PBDB) | R. Estes and P. Berberian. 1970. Paleoecology of a Late Cretaceous vertebrate community from Montana. Breviora 343:1-35 |
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| Common Name(s) | Paddlefish, Lepelsteuren, Paddlefishes, Schuppenwürmer, Polyodontids, Scaleworms, Spatules, Espátulas |
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| Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyodontidae |
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| Estes R., Berberian P. (1970) Paleoecology of a Late Cretaceous vertebrate community from Montana, Breviora 343, 1-35 |
| Woodward A. S. , Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural History), Part III, 1-544 |
| Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868 |
| Jordan D. S. (1963) The Genera of Fishes and a Classification of Fishes, Stanford University Press, 1-816 |
| Bryant L. J. (1989) Non-dinosaurian lower vertebrates across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in northeastern Montana, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 134, 1-107 |
| Grande L., Bemis W. E. (1996) Interrelationships of Acipenseriformes, with comments on "Chondrostei", In: M. L. J. Stiassny, L. R. Parenti & G. D. Johnson (eds.), Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, San Diego, 85-115 |
| Grande L., Jin F., et al (2002) Protopsephurus liui, a Well-Preserved Primitive Paddlefish (Acipenseriformes: Polyodontidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of China, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 2, 209-237 |
| Grande L., Hilton E. J. (2006) An exquisitely preserved skeleton representing a primitive sturgeon from the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation of Montana (Acipenseriformes: Acipenseridae: n. gen. and sp.), The Paleontological Society Memoir 65, Journal of Paleontology 80 4, suppl., 1-39 |
| Betancur-R. R., Broughton R. E., et al (2013) The tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes, PLOS Currents Tree of Life doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288 |
| Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). - via World Register of Marine Species |
| Van Der Laan, R.; Eschmeyer, W. N.; Fricke, R. (2014). Family-group names of Recent fishes. Zootaxa. 3882(1): 1-230. - via World Register of Marine Species |
| Gärdenfors, Ulf, Hall, Ragnar, Hallingbäck, Tomas, Hansson, Hans G. & Hedström, Lars (2003) Djur, svampar och växter i Sverige 2003. Förteckning över antal arter per familj. ArtDatabanken Rapporterar 5, ArtDatabanken, Uppsala. (reviderad excelfil med svenska djurfamiljer). - via Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas |
| Benton, M.J. (ed). (1993). The Fossil Record 2. Chapman & Hall, London, 845 pp. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera |
| Parker, S.P. (ed). (1982). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2 volumes. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera |
| Eschmeyer online (Jul 2012) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera |
| FishBase - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera |
| Fauchald, K. (1977). The polychaete worms, definitions and keys to the orders, families and genera. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County: Los Angeles, CA (USA), Science Series. 28:1-188. - via World Register of Marine Species |
| Rouse, G. W., and K. Fauchald, 1997: Cladistics and polychaetes. Zoologica Scripta, vol. 26, no. 2. 139-204. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| Pettibone, Marian H. 1989. Revision of the aphroditoid polychaetes of the family Acoetidae Kinberg (=Polyodontidae Augener) and reestablishment of Acoetes Audouin and Milne-Edwards, 1832, and Euarche Ehlers,1887. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 464: 1-138. - via World Register of Marine Species |
| Fauchald, K., and G. W. Rouse, 1997: Polychaete systematics: Past and present. Zoologica Scripta, vol. 26, no. 2. 71-138. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| Augener, Hermann. (1918). Polychaeta. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas. 2(2): 67-625, plates II-VII. - via World Register of Marine Species |
| Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes, 2003: null. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| Rouse, G. W., and K. Fauchald, 1997: Cladistics and polychaetes. Zoologica Scripta, vol. 26, no. 2. 139-204. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| Parker, S.P. (ed). (1982). Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2 volumes. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera |
| WoRMS (Mar2013) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera |
| refer synonym source - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera |
| Fauchald, K., and G. W. Rouse, 1997: Polychaete systematics: Past and present. Zoologica Scripta, vol. 26, no. 2. 71-138. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| same as current name - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera |
| Nelson, Joseph S., 1994: null. Fishes of the World, Third Edition. xvii + 600. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| Fauchald, K., 1977: The polychaete worms: Definitions and keys to the orders, families, and genera. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 28. 190. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) |
| ITIS (Aug 2006) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera |
Polyodontidae
