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Protosiren ✝

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Description

Protosiren is an extinct early genus of the order Sirenia. Protosiren existed throughout the Lutetian and Bartonian stages of the Middle Eocene.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protosiren, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	4834573	https://www.gbif.org/species/4834573
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	36896	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36896

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Protosirenidae : Protosiren

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Sirenia : Protosirenidae : Protosiren

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
-	Pansirenia	Velez-Juarbe and Wood 2019
-	Sirenia
family	Protosirenidae	Sickenberg 1934
genus	Protosiren	Abel 1907

Scientific Name

Protosiren Abel, 1907

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Protosiren	genus	belongs to Miosireninae	stated without evidence	Abel, 1919
Protosiren	genus	belongs to Sirenia	stated without evidence	Zittel, 1925
Protosiren	genus	belongs to Halitheriidae	stated without evidence	Kretzoi, 1941
Protosiren	genus	belongs to Protosireninae	stated without evidence	Reinhart, 1959
Protosiren	genus	belongs to Protosirenidae	stated with evidence	Domning, 1978
Protosiren	genus	belongs to Protosirenidae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Protosiren	genus	belongs to Protosirenidae	stated without evidence	Domning, 1994
Protosiren	genus	belongs to Protosirenidae	stated with evidence	Domning, 1996
Protosiren	genus	belongs to Sirenia	second hand	Sepkoski, 2002
Protosiren	genus	belongs to Protosirenidae	stated with evidence	Bajpai et al., 2006
Protosiren	genus	belongs to Protosirenidae	stated without evidence	Clementz et al., 2006
Protosiren	genus	belongs to Protosirenidae	stated with evidence	Domning, 2008
Protosiren	genus	belongs to Protosirenidae	stated without evidence	Berta, 2017

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

48.6 - 41.3 Ma
Eocene

Last Recorded Appearance

38.0 - 33.9 Ma
Paleogene

Environment

marine (based on Sirenia)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

herbivore (based on Sirenia)

Reproduction

viviparous (based on Sirenia)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

O. Abel. 1904. Die Sirenen der mediterranen Tertiärbildungen Oesterreichs. Abhandlungen der kaiserlich - koniglichen geologischen Reichsanstalt. Wien 19(2):1-223

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protosiren

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Hippopotamus minimus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Protosiren eothene ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	1	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Protosiren fraasi ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	3	47.8 Ma Eocene	47.8 Ma Eocene
Protosiren sattaensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	41.3 Ma Eocene	41.3 Ma Eocene
Protosiren smithae ✝ species	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	4	47.8 Ma Eocene	38.0 Ma Eocene

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1904	Protosiren Abel p. 214
1919	Protosiren Abel p. 835
1925	Protosiren Zittel p. 265
1941	Protosiren Kretzoi p. 154
1959	Protosiren Reinhart p. 6
1973	Protosiren Heal p. 20
1978	Protosiren Domning
1988	Protosiren Carroll
1994	Protosiren Domning p. 189
1995	Protosiren Gingerich et al.

Year	Name and Author
1996	Protosiren Domning p. 379
2002	Protosiren Sepkoski, Jr.
2006	Protosiren Bajpai et al. p. 400
2006	Protosiren Clementz et al. p. 359
2008	Protosiren Domning
2014	Protosiren Voss p. 91 figs. Figure 3
2017	Protosiren Berta p. 170
2018	Protosiren Domning p. 857 figs. Fig. 1
2019	Protosiren Albright et al. p. 189

References

Abel O. (1904) Die Sirenen der mediterranen Tertiärbildungen Oesterreichs, Abhandlungen der kaiserlich - koniglichen geologischen Reichsanstalt. Wien 19 2, 1-223

Abel O. (1919) Die Stämme der Wirbeltiere, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Leipzig, 914 p.

Kretzoi M. (1941) Sirenavus hungaricus N. G. N. Sp., ein Neuer Prorastomide aus dem Mitteleozan (Lutetium) von Felsogallia in Ungarn, Annales Musei Nationalis Hungaricic Pars Mineralogica, Geologica et Palaeontologica 34, 146-156

Reinhart R. H. (1959) A review of the Sirenia and Desmostylia, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 36 1, 1-146

Heal G. J. (1973) Contributions to the Study of Sirenian Evolution, 1-245

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Gingerich P. D., Arif M., et al (1995) Protosiren and Babiacetus (Mammalia, Sirenia and Cetacea) from the middle Eocene Drazinda Formation, Sulaiman Range, Punjab, Pakistan, Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 29 12, 331-357

Domning D. P. (1996) Bibliography and Index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia, Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 80, 1-611

Sepkoski, Jr. J. J. (2002) A compendium of fossil marine animal genera, Bulletins of American Paleontology 363, 1-560

Bajpai S., Thewissen J. G. M., et al (2006) Eocene and Oligocene sirenians (Mammalia) from Kachchh, India, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26 2, 400-410

Clementz M. T., Goswami A., et al (2006) Isotopic records from early whales and sea cows: Contrasting patterns of ecological transition 26 2, 355-370

Domning D. P. (2008) Sirenia, Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America II, 629-638

Voss M. (2014) On the invalidity of Halitherium schinzii Kaup, 1838 (Mammalia, Sirenia), with comments on systematic consequences, Zoosystematics and Evolution 90 1, 87-93 doi:10.3897/zse.90.7421

Berta A. (2017) , The Rise of Marine Mammals: 50 Million Years of Evolution, 1-198

Albright L. B., Sanders A. E., et al (2019) Cenozoic vertebrate biostratigraphy of South Carolina, U.S.A. and additions to the fauna, Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 57 2, 77-236

Sepkoski, J. J., Jr. (2002). A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology. 363, 1-560. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Domning, 2010 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

as per synonymized taxon - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

refer synonym source - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Abh. Geol. Reichsanst., 19 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Domning, 2010 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Manual inspection (AJR) - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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