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Massospondylus carinatus

Description

Massospondylus (mas-oh-SPON-di-ləs; from Greek, μάσσων (massōn, "longer") and σπόνδυλος (spondylos, "vertebra")) is a genus of sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Period (Hettangian to Pliensbachian ages, ca. 200–183 million years ago). It was described by Sir Richard Owen in 1854 from remains discovered in South Africa, and is thus one of the first dinosaurs to have been named. Fossils have since been found at other locations in South Africa, Lesotho, and Zimbabwe. Material from Arizona's Kayenta Formation, India, and Argentina has been assigned to this genus at various times, but the Arizonan and Argentinian material are now assigned to other genera.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)4967193https://www.gbif.org/species/4967193
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)56595https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=56595
Rankspecies
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Massospondylidae : Massospondylus : Massospondylus carinatus
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Saurischia : Massospondylidae : Massospondylus : Massospondylus carinatus
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SauropsidaHuxley 1864
classReptiliaLaurenti 1768
subclassEureptilia
-RomeriidaGauthier et al. 1988
-Diapsida
-Eosuchia
-NeodiapsidaBenton 1985
-SauriaGauthier 1984
-Archosauromorpha
-CrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
-EucrocopodaEzcurra 2016
-Archosauria
informalAvemetatarsaliaBenton 1999
-OrnithodiraGauthier 1986
-DinosauromorphaBenton 1985
-DinosauriformesNovas 1992
-Dinosauria
-Saurischia
-EusaurischiaPadian et al. 1999
-Sauropodomorpha
-MassopodaYates 2007
familyMassospondylidaeHuene 1914
genusMassospondylusOwen 1854
speciesMassospondylus carinatusOwen 1854
Generic NameMassospondylus
Scientific NameMassospondylus carinatus Owen, 1854
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Massospondylus carinatusspeciesbelongs to Massospondylusstated without evidenceOwen, 1854
Massospondylus carinatusspeciesbelongs to Massospondylusstated with evidenceSeeley, 1895
Massospondylus carinatusspeciesbelongs to Massospondylusstated without evidenceBroom, 1909
Massospondylus carinatusspeciesbelongs to Massospondylusstated with evidenceHuene, 1914
Massospondylus carinatusspeciesbelongs to Massospondylusstated without evidenceHuene, 1914
Massospondylus carinatusspeciesbelongs to Massospondylusstated with evidenceEllenberger, 1970
Massospondylus carinatusspeciesbelongs to Massospondylusstated without evidenceSteel, 1970
Massospondylus carinatusspeciesbelongs to Massospondylusstated with evidenceOlsen and Galton, 1984
Massospondylus carinatusspeciesbelongs to Massospondylusstated without evidenceErickson, 1997
Massospondylus carinatusspeciesbelongs to Massospondylusstated with evidenceGalton and Upchurch, 2004
Massospondylus carinatusspeciesbelongs to Massospondylusstated without evidenceSues et al., 2004
Status (PBDB)extinct
Taxon Size (PBDB)1
First Recorded Appearance201 - 191 Ma
Early Jurassic
Last Recorded Appearance199 - 174 Ma
Jurassic
Environmentterrestrial (based on Diapsida)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)
Taphonomyphosphatic (based on Vertebrata)
Primary Reference (PBDB)R. Owen. 1854. Descriptive catalogue of the Fossil organic remains of Reptilia and Pisces contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. London
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massospondylus_carinatus

Fossil Distribution

Obsolete Names

NameSourceTaxon RankTaxonomy
Massosaurus carinatus Owen, 1854GBIFspeciesAnimalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Massospondylidae : Massospondylus : Massosaurus carinatus

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1854Massospondylus carinatus Owen p. 97
1892Massospondylus carinatus Seeley p. 190
1895Massospondylus carinatus Seeley p. 102–103
1909Massospondylus carinatus Broom p. 289
1910Massosaurus carinatus Hay p. 16
1912Massospondylus carinatus Broom p. 82
1913Massospondylus carinatus Broom p. 364
1914Massospondylus carinatus Huene p. 13
1920Massospondylus carinatus Van Hoepen p. 91
1924Massospondylus carinatus Haughton
1940Massospondylus carinatus Huene p. 263
1954Massospondylus carinatus Haughton and Brink p. 34
1961Massospondylus carinatus Anonymous p. 137
1970Massospondylus carinatus Ellenberger p. 347
1970Massospondylus carinatus Steel p. 49
1974Massospondylus carinatus Ellenberger p. 9
1975Massospondylus carinatus Thompson p. 19
1976Massospondylus carinatus Galton and Cluver p. 145
1981Massospondylus carinatus Cruickshank p. 307
1984Massospondylus carinatus Olsen and Galton p. 91
YearName and Author
1997Massospondylus carinatus Erickson p. 5
2000Massospondylus carinatus Lingham-Soliar and Borderick p. 137
2003Massospondylus carinatus Yates pp. 320-321
2004Massospondylus carinatus Galton and Upchurch p. 235
2004Massospondylus carinatus Sues et al. p. 240
2005Massospondylus carinatus Barrett and Yates p. 123
2005Massospondylus carinatus Yates p. 108
2006Massospondylus carinatus Langer and Benton p. 339 fig. 11
2006Massospondylus carinatus Weems p. 371
2007Massospondylus carinatus Barrett et al. p. 321
2007Massospondylus carinatus Galton p. 518
2007Massospondylus carinatus Upchurch et al. p. 76
2009Massospondylus carinatus Barrett p. 1033
2010Massospondylus carinatus Langer et al. p. 90
2010Massospondylus carinatus Reisz et al. p. 1653
2011Massospondylus carinatus Apaldetti et al. p. 4
2011Massospondylus carinatus Yates et al. p. 610
2012Massospondylus carinatus Knoll et al. p. 2
2013Massospondylus carinatus Tschopp and Mateus p. 328
2016Massospondylus carinatus Lee p. 3

References

Owen R. Descriptive catalogue of the Fossil organic remains of Reptilia and Pisces contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, 1-184
Seeley H. G. Contribution to a knowledge of the Saurischia of Europe and Africa, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 48, 188-191
Broom R. (1912) On the remains of a theropodous dinosaur from the northern Transvaal, Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 14, 82-83
Broom R. (1913) A revision of the reptiles of the Karroo, Annals of the South African Museum 7 6, 361-366
Huene F. v. (1914) I: Animalia. Pars 4. Saurischia et Ornithischia triadica (“Dinosauria” triadica), 1-20
Van Hoepen E. C. N. (1920) Contributions to the knowledge of the reptiles of the Karroo Formation. 5. A new dinosaur from the Stormberg Beds, Annals of the Transvaal Museum 7 2, 77-92
Haughton S. H. (1924) The fauna and stratigraphy of the Stormberg Series, Annals of the South African Museum 12, 323-497
Haughton S. H., Brink A. S. (1954) A bibliographical list of Reptilia from the Karroo Beds of South Africa, Palaeontologia Africana 2, 1-187
Ellenberger P. (1970) Les niveaux paléontologiques de première apparition des mammifères primoridaux en Afrique du Sud et leur ichnologie. Establissement de zones stratigraphiques detaillees dans le Stormberg du Lesotho (Afrique du Sud) (Trias Supérieur à Jurassique) [The paleontological levels of the first appearance of primordial mammals in southern Africa and their ichnology. Establishment of detailed stratigraphic zones in the Stormberg of Lesotho (southern Africa) (Upper Triassic to Jurassic)., In: S. H. Haughton (ed.), Second Symposium on Gondwana Stratigraphy and Paleontology, International Union of Geological Sciences. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 343-370
Steel R. (1970) Part 14. Saurischia, Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie/Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1-87
Ellenberger P. (1974) Contribution à la classification des pistes de Vertébrés du Trias: les types du Stormberg d'Afrique du Sud (IIème partie: Le Stormberg superieur - I. Le biome de la zone B/1 ou niveau de Moyeni: ses biocénoses) [Contribution to the classification of the vertebrate tracks of the Triassic: the types from the Stormberg of South Africa (2nd part: The upper Stormberg - I. The biome of zone B/1 or Moyeni level: its biocoenoses], Palaeovertebrata Mém. Ext. 1974, 1-147
Thompson A. O. (1975) The Karoo rocks in the Mazinga area, Beitbridge District, Rhodesia Geological Survey Short Report 40, 1-79
Cruickshank A. R. I. (1981) Archosaur ankles: interpretation of the evidence, South African Journal of Science 77, 307-308
Olsen P. E., Galton P. M. (1984) A review of the reptile and amphibian assemblages from the Stormberg of southern Africa, with special emphasis on the footprints and the age of the Stormberg, Palaeontologia Africana 25, 87-110
Yates A. M. (2003) The species taxonomy of the sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Löwenstein Formation (Norian, Late Triassic) of Germany, Palaeontology 46 2, 317-337
Galton P. M., Upchurch P. (2004) Prosauropoda, The Dinosauria (second edition). University of California Press, Berkeley, 232-258
Sues H.-D., Reisz R. R., et al (2004) On the skull of Massospondylus carinatus Owen, 1854 (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Elliot and Clarens Formations (Lower Jurassic) of South Africa, Annals of Carnegie Museum 73 4, 239-257
Barrett P. M., Yates A. M. (2005) New information on the palate and lower jaw of Massospondylus (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha), Palaeontologia Africana 41, 123-130
Yates A. M. (2005) A new theropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of South Africa and its implications for the early evolution of theropods, Palaeontologia Africana 41, 105-122
Weems R. E. (2006) The manus print of Kayentapus minor: its bearing on the biomechanics and ichnotaxonomy of early Mesozoic saurischian dinosaurs, The Triassic-Jurassic Terrestrial Transition. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 37, 369-378
Barrett P. M., Upchurch P., et al (2007) The skull of Yunnanosaurus huangi Young, 1942 (Dinosauria: Prosauropoda) from the Lower Lufeng Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Yunnan, China, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150, 319-341
Galton P. M. (2007) Notes on the remains of archosaurian reptiles, mostly basal sauropodomorph dinosaurs, from the 1834 fissure fill (Rhaetian, Upper Triassic) at Clifton in Bristol, southwest England, Revue de Paléobiologie 26 2, 505-591
Upchurch P., Barrett P. M., et al (2007) A phylogenetic analysis of basal sauropodomorph relationships: implications for the origin of sauropod dinosaurs, Evolution and Palaeobiology of Early Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs, Special Papers in Palaeontology 77, 57-90
Barrett P. M. (2009) A new basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of South Africa, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 4, 1032-1045 doi:10.1671/039.029.0401
Langer M. C., Ezcurra M. D., et al (2010) The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs, Biological Reviews 85, 55-110 doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00094.x
Reisz R. R., Evans D. C., et al (2010) Embryonic skeletal anatomy of the sauropodomorph dinosaur Massospondylus from the Lower Jurassic of South Africa, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 6, 1653-1665
Apaldetti C., Martinez R. N., et al (2011) A new basal sauropodomorph (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from Quebrada del Barro Formation (Marayes-El Carrizal Basin), Northwestern Argentina, PLoS ONE 6 11, e26964:1-19 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026964
Yates A. M., Bonnan M. F., et al (2011) A new basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of South Africa, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 3, 610-625
P. M. Galton, P. Upchurch (2004) Prosauropoda: The Dinosauria (second edition). University of California Press, Berkeley: 232--258 - via Catalogue of Life
R. Owen (1854) Descriptive catalogue of the Fossil organic remains of Reptilia and Pisces contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England: London: 1--184 - via Catalogue of Life
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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