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Montana - Two Medicine - Upper

GroupMontana
FormationTwo Medicine
MemberUpper
Age:83.5 - 70.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
IntervalCampanian
Lithologysiltstone, mudstone, sandstone
Number of Collections28
Number of Occurrences50

Recorded Sample Locations

LocationRegionStratigraphic Name
Canyon BonebedGlacier County, Montana, USAMontana - Two Medicine - Upper
north sideGlacier County, Montana, USAMontana - Two Medicine - Upper
south sideGlacier County, Montana, USAMontana - Two Medicine - Upper
S. ovatus typeGlacier County, Montana, USAMontana - Two Medicine - Upper
Landslide Butte Field Area Glacier County, Montana, USAMontana - Two Medicine - Upper
Egg Baby ButteGlacier County, Montana, USAMontana - Two Medicine - Upper
Blacktail Creek NorthFlathead County, Montana, USAMontana - Two Medicine - Upper
Little Diablo's HillAlberta, CanadaMontana - Two Medicine - Upper
Badger CreekGlacier County, Montana, USAMontana - Two Medicine - Upper
0.5 miles north of Two Medicine River Pondera County, Montana, USAMontana - Two Medicine - Upper
Sun River BonebedTeton County, Montana, USAMontana - Two Medicine - Upper
13 km west of BynumTeton County, Montana, USAMontana - Two Medicine - Upper
Milk River ankylosaur Glacier County, Montana, USAMontana - Two Medicine - Upper
Kahn's CacheTeton County, Montana, USAMontana - Two Medicine - Upper
Azhdarchid pterosaurFlathead County, Montana, USAMontana - Two Medicine - Upper
Northwest of Cut Bank Glacier County, Montana, USAMontana - Two Medicine - Upper
south sideGlacier County, Montana, USAMontana - Two Medicine - Upper

Associated Units

Stratigraphic NameAgeLithologyOccurrence Records
Belly River - Oldman83.5 - 70.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
sandstone, sandstone/siltstone, mudstone, mudstone/siltstone442
Montana - Two Medicine83.5 - 70.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
carbonate/mudstone, mudstone, "carbonate", conglomerate/sandstone, claystone, "limestone", mudstone/sandstone157

Recorded Fossils

Accepted NameHierarchyAge
Ankylosauridae
family
5Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Ankylosauridae83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Euoplocephalus sp.
genus
6Animalia : Chordata : Ornithischia : Ankylosauridae : Euoplocephalus83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Oohkotokia horneri
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Ornithischia : Ankylosauridae : Oohkotokia : Oohkotokia horneri83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Achelousaurus horneri
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Ceratopsidae : Achelousaurus : Achelousaurus horneri83.5 - 70.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
? no name ?
10083.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Einiosaurus procurvicornis
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Ceratopsidae : Einiosaurus : Einiosaurus procurvicornis83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Rubeosaurus ovatus
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Ceratopsidae : Rubeosaurus : Rubeosaurus ovatus83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hadrosauridae
family
5Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Hadrosauridae83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hypacrosaurus sp.
genus
6Animalia : Chordata : Ornithischia : Hadrosauridae : Hypacrosaurus83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Hypacrosaurus stebingeri
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Hadrosauridae : Hypacrosaurus : Hypacrosaurus stebingeri83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Lambeosaurinae
subfamily
5.3Animalia : Chordata : Ornithischia : Hadrosauridae : Lambeosaurinae83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Maiasaura peeblesorum
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Hadrosauridae : Maiasaura : Maiasaura peeblesorum83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Cerasinops hodgskissi
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Ornithischia : Leptoceratopsidae : Cerasinops : Cerasinops hodgskissi83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Edmontonia rugosidens
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Ornithischia : Nodosauridae : Edmontonia : Edmontonia rugosidens83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Nodosauridae
family
5Animalia : Chordata : Ornithischia : Nodosauridae83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Ceratopsia
unranked clade
99Animalia : Chordata : Ornithischia : Ceratopsia83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Orodromeus makelai
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Ornithischia : Thescelosauridae : Orodromeus : Orodromeus makelai83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Amniota
unranked clade
99Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Amniota83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Montanazhdarcho minor
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Pterosauria : Azhdarchidae : Montanazhdarcho : Montanazhdarcho minor83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Testudinata
unranked clade
99Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Protochelys : Testudinata83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Bambiraptor feinbergi
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Saurischia : Avetheropoda : Dromaeosauridae : Bambiraptor : Bambiraptor feinbergi83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Ornithomimidae
family
5Animalia : Chordata : Saurischia : Avetheropoda : Ornithomimidae83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Daspletosaurus sp.
genus
6Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Tyrannosauridae : Daspletosaurus83.5 - 70.6 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Daspletosaurus horneri
species
7Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Tyrannosauridae : Daspletosaurus : Daspletosaurus horneri83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Tyrannosauridae
family
5Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Dinosauria : Tyrannosauridae83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Theropoda
unranked clade
99Animalia : Chordata : Saurischia : Theropoda83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
Unio sp.
genus
6Animalia : Mollusca : Bivalvia : Unionida : Unionidae : Unio83.6 - 72.1 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous

References

Gilmore C. W. (1914) A new ceratopsian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana, with note on Hypacrosaurus, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 63 3, 1-10
Gilmore C. W. (1930) On dinosaurian reptiles from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana, Proceedings of the United States National Museum 77 16, 1-39
Lull R. S., Wright N. E. (1942) Hadrosaurian dinosaurs of North America, Geological Society of America Special Paper 40, 1-242
Morris W. J. (1978) Hypacrosaurus altispinus? Brown from the Two Medicine Formation, Montana a taxonomically indeterminate specimen, Journal of Paleontology 52 1, 200-205
Rogers R. R. (1991) Taphonomy of three dinosaur bone beds in the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Northwestern Monana: evidence for drought-related mortality, Palaios 5, 394-413
Horner J. R., Currie P. J. (1994) Embryonic and neonatal morphology and ontogeny of a new species of Hypacrosaurus (Ornithischia, Lambeosauridae) from Montana and Alberta, Dinosaur Eggs and Babies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 312-336
Sampson S. D. (1994) Two new horned dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation, Montana, USA, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14 3, suppl., 44A
Padian K., de Ricqles A. J., et al (1995) Bone histology determines identification of a new fossil taxon of pterosaur (Reptilia: Archosauria), Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Science, Serie II 320, 77-84
Sampson S. D. (1995) Two new horned dinosaurs from the upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana; with a phylogenetic analysis of the Centrosaurinae (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14 5, 743-760
Coombs W. P. (1995) Ankylosaurian tail clubs of middle Campanian to early Maastrichtian age from western North America, with description of a tiny club from Alberta and discussion of tail orientation and tail club function, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32, 902-912
Burnham D. A., Derstler K. L., et al (2000) Remarkable new birdlike dinosaur (Theropoda: Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana, University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 13, 1-14
Scherzer B., Varricchio D. (2005) Taphonomy of a juvenile lambeosaur bonebed from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 3, suppl., 110A
Currie P. J., Trexler D., et al (2005) An unusual multi-individual bonebed in the Two Medicine Formation (Late Cretaceous, Campanian) of Montana (USA), The Carnivorous Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 313-324
Database M. O. R. (2006) MOR collections database
Chinnery B. J., Horner J. R. (2007) A new neoceratopsian dinosaur linking North American and Asian taxa, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 3, 625-641
Scherzer B. A., Varricchio D. J. (2010) Taphonomy of a juvenile lambeosaurine bonebed from the Two Medicine Formation (Campanian) of Montana, United States, Palaios 25 12, 780-795 doi:10.2110/palo.2009.p09-143r
McDonald A. T., Horner J. R. (2010) New material of "Styracosaurus" ovatus from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana, New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 156-168
Penkalski P. (2014) A new ankylosaurid from the late Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana, USA, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica doi:10.4202/app.2012.0125
Carr T. D., Varricchio D. J., et al (2017) A new tyrannosaur with evidence for anagenesis and crocodile-like facial sensory system, Scientific Reports 7, 44942:1-11 doi:10.1038/srep44942
Penkalski P. (2018) Revised systematics of the armoured dinosaur Euoplocephalus and its allies, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 287 3, 261-306 doi:10.1127/njgpa/2018/0717
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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