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Sphenacodon

Description

Sphenacodon (meaning "wedge point tooth") is an extinct genus of synapsid that lived from about 300 to about 280 million years ago (Ma) during the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian periods. Like the closely related Dimetrodon, Sphenacodon was a carnivorous member of the Eupelycosauria family Sphenacodontidae. However, Sphenacodon had a low crest along its back, formed from blade-like bones on its vertebrae (neural spines) instead of the tall dorsal sail found in Dimetrodon. Fossils of Sphenacodon are known from New Mexico and the Utah–Arizona border region in North America.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)4819450https://www.gbif.org/species/4819450
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)38909https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38909
Rankgenus
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Sphenacodontidae : Sphenacodon
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Osteichthyes : Cotylosauria : Sphenacodontidae : Sphenacodon
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SynapsidaOsborn 1903
suborderEupelycosauriaKemp 1982
-SphenacomorphaIvakhnenko 2003
suborderSphenacodontiaRomer and Price 1940
-Sphenacodontoidea
familySphenacodontidaeMarsh 1878
subfamilySphenacodontinaeRomer 1936
genusSphenacodonMarsh 1878
Scientific NameSphenacodon Marsh, 1878
Name Published InAmer. J. Sci., (3) 15
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Sphenacodongenusbelongs to Clepsydropidaestated without evidenceHay, 1902
Sphenacodongenusbelongs to Naosaurinaestated without evidenceCase, 1907
Sphenacodongenusbelongs to Sphenacodontinaestated with evidenceReisz, 1986
Sphenacodongenusbelongs to SphenacodontidaeimpliedCarroll, 1988
Status (PBDB)extinct
Taxon Size (PBDB)4
First Recorded Appearance304 - 299 Ma
Carboniferous
Last Recorded Appearance296 - 268 Ma
Permian
Environmentterrestrial (based on Amniota)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)
Taphonomyphosphatic (based on Vertebrata)
Primary Reference (PBDB)R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenacodon

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Oxyodon britannicus
species
accepted (GBIF)No associated record in PBDB
Sphenacodon britannicus
species
listed (PBDB)1299 Ma
Carboniferous
299 Ma
Carboniferous
Sphenacodon ferocior
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
5296 Ma
Permian
296 Ma
Permian
Sphenacodon ferox
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
10303 Ma
Carboniferous
296 Ma
Permian

Obsolete Names

NameSourceTaxon RankTaxonomy
Oxyodon von Huene, 1908GBIFgenusAnimalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Sphenacodontidae : Oxyodon

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1878Sphenacodon Marsh
1902Sphenacodon Hay p. 434
1907Elcabrosaurus Case
1907Sphenacodon Case p. 66
1908Oxyodon von Huene p. 431 fig. 1
1986Sphenacodon Reisz p. 77
1988Sphenacodon Carroll

References

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698
Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868
Case E. C. (1907) Revision of the Pelycosauria of North America., Carnegie Institution of Washington 55, 3-176
Reisz R. R. (1986) Pelycosauria, Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie / Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology 17A, 1-102
Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Amer. J. Sci., (3) 15 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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