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Leptocyon

Description

The genus Leptocyon (Greek: leptos slender + cyon dog) includes 11 species and was the first canine. They were small and weighed around 2 kilograms (4.4 lb). They first appeared in North America around 34 million years ago in the Oligocene at the same time as the Borophaginae with whom they share features with, indicating that these were two sister groups. Borophaginae skull and dentition were designed for a powerful killing bite compared with the Leptocyon which were designed for snatching small, fast-moving prey. The species L. delicatus is the smallest canid to have existed. At the close of their genus 9 million years ago one Leptocyon lineage resembled the modern fox.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)4833498https://www.gbif.org/species/4833498
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)41218https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=41218
Rankgenus
Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Carnivora : Canidae : Leptocyon
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SynapsidaOsborn 1903
-Therapsida
infraorderCynodontia
-EpicynodontiaHopson and Kitching 2001
infraorderEucynodontiaKemp 1982
-ProbainognathiaHopson 1990
-MammaliamorphaRowe 1988
-MammaliaformesRowe 1988
classMammaliaLinnaeus 1758
subclassTribosphenida
infraclassEutheria
-PlacentaliaOwen 1837
-LaurasiatheriaWaddell et al. 1999
-ScrotiferaWaddell et al. 1999
-FeraeLinnaeus 1758
-CarnivoramorphaWyss and Flynn 1993
-CarnivoraformesFlynn et al.
orderCarnivoraBowditch 1821
suborderCaniformiaKretzoi 1943
superfamilyCanoideaSimpson 1931
familyCanidaeFischer 1817
subfamilyCaninaeGill 1872
genusLeptocyonMatthew 1918
Scientific NameLeptocyon Matthew, 1918
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Leptocyongenusbelongs to Canidaestated without evidenceMatthew, 1918
Leptocyongenussubjective synonym of Vulpesstated without evidenceGregory, 1942
Leptocyongenusbelongs to Canidaestated without evidenceWebb, 1969
Leptocyongenusbelongs to CanidaeimpliedCarroll, 1988
Leptocyongenusbelongs to Canidaestated without evidenceMunthe, 1998
Leptocyongenusbelongs to Caninaestated without evidenceWang and Tedford, 2008
Leptocyongenusbelongs to Caninaestated with evidenceSmith et al., 2016
Status (PBDB)extinct
Taxon Size (PBDB)10
First Recorded Appearance30.8 - 26.3 Ma
Oligocene
Last Recorded Appearance13.6 - 4.9 Ma
Neogene
Environmentterrestrial (based on Eutheria)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)
Dietcarnivore, omnivore (based on Canidae)
Taphonomyphosphatic (based on Vertebrata)
Primary Reference (PBDB)W. D. Matthew. 1918. Contributions to the Snake Creek Fauna with notes upon the Pleistocene of western Nebraska, American Museum Expedition of 1916. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 38(7):183-229
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptocyon

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Canis vafer
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
5323.0 Ma
Miocene
13.6 Ma
Miocene
Leptocyon douglassi
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
530.8 Ma
Oligocene
30.8 Ma
Oligocene
Leptocyon leidyi
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
2424.8 Ma
Oligocene
16.0 Ma
Miocene
Leptocyon matthewi
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1813.6 Ma
Miocene
13.6 Ma
Miocene
Leptocyon mollis
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
130.8 Ma
Oligocene
30.8 Ma
Oligocene
Leptocyon tejonensis
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
113.6 Ma
Miocene
13.6 Ma
Miocene
Nothocyon gregorii
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
624.8 Ma
Oligocene
24.8 Ma
Oligocene
Nothocyon vulpinus
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
630.8 Ma
Oligocene
20.4 Ma
Miocene
Pachycynodon delicatus
species
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
130.8 Ma
Oligocene
30.8 Ma
Oligocene

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1918Leptocyon Matthew
1963Neocynodesmus Macdonald
1969Leptocyon Webb
1988Leptocyon Carroll
1988Neocynodesmus Carroll
1998Leptocyon Munthe
2008Leptocyon Wang and Tedford
2009Leptocyon Tedford et al. p. 14
2016Leptocyon Smith et al.
2019Leptocyon May

References

Matthew W. D. (1918) Contributions to the Snake Creek Fauna with notes upon the Pleistocene of western Nebraska, American Museum Expedition of 1916, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 38 7, 183-229
Macdonald J. R. (1963) The Miocene faunas from the Wounded Knee area of western South Dakota, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 125 3, 139-238
Webb S. D. (1969) The Burge and Minnechaduza Clarendonian Mammalian Faunas of North-Central Nebraska, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 78, 1-191
Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698
Munthe K. (1998) Canidae, Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America, 124-143
Wang X., Tedford R. H. (2008) Fossil dogs (Carnivora, Canidae) from the Sespe and Vaqueros formations in Southern California, with comments on relationships of Phlaocyon taylori, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 41, 255-272
Tedford R. H., Wang X., et al (2009) Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 325, 1-218 doi:10.1206/574.1
Smith K., Czaplewski N., et al (2016) Middle Miocene carnivorans from the Monarch Mill Formation, Nevada, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61 1, 231-252 doi:10.4202/app.00111.2014
May S. R. (2019) The Lapara Creek Fauna: Early Clarendonian of south Texas, USA, Palaeontologia Electronica 22.1.15, 1-129 doi:10.26879/929
SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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