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Tylopoda

Description

Tylopoda (meaning "calloused foot") is a suborder of terrestrial herbivorous even-toed ungulates belonging to the order Artiodactyla. They are found in the wild in their native ranges of South America and Asia, while Australian feral camels are introduced. The group has a long fossil history in North America and Europe. Tylopoda appeared during the Eocene around 46.2 million years ago.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)9558091https://www.gbif.org/species/9558091
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)42482https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42482
Rankfamily (GBIF)
suborder (PBDB)
Taxonomy (GBIF)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Tylopoda
Taxonomy (PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Tylopoda
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SynapsidaOsborn 1903
-Therapsida
infraorderCynodontia
-EpicynodontiaHopson and Kitching 2001
infraorderEucynodontiaKemp 1982
-ProbainognathiaHopson 1990
-MammaliamorphaRowe 1988
-MammaliaformesRowe 1988
classMammaliaLinnaeus 1758
subclassTribosphenida
infraclassEutheria
orderUngulata
orderArtiodactylaOwen 1848
familyTylopoda
Scientific NameTylopoda
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Tylopodafamilybelongs to Artiodactylastated without evidenceFlower, 1883
Tylopodaunranked cladebelongs to Ruminantiastated with evidenceMatthew, 1908
Tylopodasuborderbelongs to Ruminantiastated without evidenceScott, 1940
Tylopodasuborderbelongs to Artiodactylastated without evidenceHooker, 1986
Tylopodasuborderbelongs to Cetartiodactylastated with evidenceUrsing et al., 2000
Tylopodasuborderbelongs to Artiodactylastated without evidenceWebb and Meachen, 2004
Tylopodasuborderbelongs to Neoselenodontiastated without evidenceWhistler and Webb, 2005
Tylopodasuborderbelongs to Artiodactylastated without evidenceCuesta RuĂ­z-Colmenares et al., 2006
Tylopodaunranked cladebelongs to Cetartiodactylastated without evidenceAgnarsson and May-Collado, 2008
Tylopodaunranked cladebelongs to Artiodactylastated without evidenceAsher and Helgen, 2010
Status (PBDB)extant
Taxon Size (PBDB)348
Extant Size (PBDB)23 (6.6%)
First Recorded Appearance48.6 - 41.3 Ma
Eocene
Environmentterrestrial (based on Artiodactyla)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)
Dietgrazer, browser (based on Artiodactyla)
Taphonomyphosphatic (based on Vertebrata)
Primary Reference (PBDB)C. Illiger. 1811. Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylopoda

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Anoplotherioidea
superfamily
listed (PBDB)22848.6 Ma
Eocene
0 Ma
Extant
Cameloidea
superfamily
listed (PBDB)1,89746.2 Ma
Eocene
0 Ma
Extant
Oreodontoidea âśť
superfamily
listed (PBDB)17146.2 Ma
Eocene
23.0 Ma
Miocene
Xiphodontoidea
superfamily
listed (PBDB)
Amphimerycidae âśť
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
4948.6 Ma
Eocene
33.9 Ma
Oligocene
Oromerycidae âśť
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
7346.2 Ma
Eocene
37.2 Ma
Eocene

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1811Tylopoda Illiger p. 102
1883Tylopoda Flower p. 184
1891Tylopoda Flower and Lydekker p. 90
1908Tylopoda Matthew p. 561
1940Tylopoda Scott p. 506
1986Tylopoda Hooker p. 412
1986Tylopoda Prothero p. 458
1988Tylopoda Carroll
YearName and Author
2000Tylopoda Ursing et al.
2004Tylopoda Webb and Meachen p. 350
2005Tylopoda Whistler and Webb p. 5
2006Tylopoda Cuesta RuĂ­z-Colmenares et al.
2007Tylopoda Hooker p. 613
2008Tylopoda Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 974 figs. Fig. 2
2009Camelidamorpha Spaulding et al. p. 3 figs. Table 1
2010Tylopoda Asher and Helgen p. 3 figs. Figure 1

References

Illiger C. , Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium
Flower W. H. On the arrangement of the Orders and Families of existing Mammalia, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883, 178-186
Matthew W. D. (1908) Osteology of Blastomeryx and phylogeny of the American Cervidae, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 24 27, 535-562
Scott W. B. (1940) The mammalian fauna of the White River Oligocene; Part 4, Artiodactyla; Part 5, Perissodactyla, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 28 4, 363-746
Hooker J. J. (1986) Mammals from the Bartonian (middle/late Eocene) of the Hampshire Basin, southern England, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 39 4, 191-478
Prothero D. R. (1986)  A New Oromerycid (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the Early Oligocene of Montana, Journal of Paleontology 60 2, 458-465
Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698
Webb S. D., Meachen J. A. (2004) On the Origin of Lamine Camelidae Including a New Genus From the Late Miocene of the High Plains, Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 36 1, 349-362 doi:10.2992/0145-9058(2004)36[349:OTOOLC]2.0.CO;2
Whistler D. P., Webb S. D. (2005) New goatlike camelid from the Late Pliocene of Tecopa Lake Basin, California, Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 503, 1-40
Cuesta Ruíz-Colmenares M. A., Checa Soler L., et al (2006) Artiodáctilos del yacimiento de Sossís (Eoceno superior, Cuenca Prepirenaica, Península Ibérica), Revista Española de Paleontología 21 2, 123-144
Hooker J. J. (2007) Bipedal browsing adaptations of the unusual Late Eocene–earliest Oligocene tylopod Anoplotherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151 3, 609-659
Agnarsson I., May-Collado L. J. (2008) The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: The importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48, 964-985
Spaulding M., O'Leary M. A., et al (2009) Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) among mammals: Increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution, PloS One 4 9, e7062
Asher R. J., Helgen K. M. (2010) Nomenclature and placental mammal phylogeny, BMC Evolutionary BIology 10 102, 1-9
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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